Curso de Alta Magia Vermelha Candomblé - Introdução II

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

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󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰁗󰂦󰁔󰁧󰁤󰁧󰁼 󰁧󰁼 󰁄󰁦󰁸󰁫󰁦󰁴󰁧󰁼 󰁘󰁫󰁼󰁫󰁸󰁳󰁮󰁤󰁧󰁼 󲀜

󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

󰁌󰁛󰁘󰁜󰁇 󰁄󰁋 󰁀󰁎󰁉󰁆󰁎 󰁓󰁋󰁘󰁀󰁋󰁊󰁂󰁎

- LNODG@HJÆ “FOTXGD[ÉÌG

“ Skrsìg “855; - 85>>

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

󰁜󰁮󰁻󰁤󰁮󰃩󰃻󰁫󰁼 󰁫󰁠 󰁴󰁧󰁤󰁮󰁼 󰁮󰁼 󰁕󰁧󰁯󰁴󰁮󰁼 󰁤󰁧 󰁜󰁮󰁩󰁸󰁮󰁤󰁧 󰁔󰁸󰁦󰃨󰁯󰁩󰁻󰁪󰁧󰀯󰁋󰁼󰁴󰁫 󰃦 󰁧 󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁫󰁦󰁸󰁧

󰁌󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮

󰁧󰁻

󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁎󰁣󰁸󰁦󰁬󰁮󰁯󰁮

󰁤󰁦󰁼󰁵󰁧󰁯󰃠󰁳󰁫󰁪 󰁯󰁮 󰁆󰁯󰁴󰁫󰁸󰁯󰁫󰁴 󰁮󰁴󰁸󰁮󰁳󰃦󰁼󰁤󰁧 󰁜󰁧󰁨󰁫󰁸󰁮󰁯󰁧 󰁌󰁧󰁪󰃦󰁩󰁦󰁧 󰁤󰁧󰁼 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁧󰁼󰀯 󰁔󰁧󰁤󰁧 󰁧

󰁌󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧

󰁤󰁫

󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁎󰁣󰁸󰁦󰁬󰁮󰁯󰁮

󰃦 󰁣󰁸󰁻󰁴󰁧 󰁤󰁧󰁼 󰁫󰁯󰁼󰁦󰁯󰁮󰁠󰁫󰁯󰁴󰁧󰁼󰁵󰁫󰁸󰁵󰁫󰁴󰁻󰁮󰁤󰁧󰁼 󰁵󰁫󰁪󰁧

󰁜󰁧󰁨󰁫󰁸󰁮󰁯󰁧 󰁜󰁮󰁯󰁴󰁻󰃮󰁸󰁦󰁧 󰁆󰁯󰁦󰁬󰁦󰃮󰁴󰁦󰁬󰁧

󰁜󰁻󰁵󰁫󰁸󰁦󰁻󰁠

󰀯 󰁏󰁫󰁪󰁫 󰁫󰁼󰁴󰃮 󰁬󰁧󰁯󰁴󰁦󰁤󰁧 󰁴󰁧󰁤󰁧󰁼 󰁧󰁼 󰁮󰁪󰁴󰁧󰁼󰁫󰁯󰁼󰁦󰁯󰁮󰁠󰁫󰁯󰁴󰁧󰁼 󰁤󰁫󰁼󰁴󰁮 󰁋󰁼󰁬󰁧󰁪󰁮 󰁆󰁯󰁦󰁬󰁦󰃮󰁴󰁦󰁬󰁮, 󰁾󰁻󰁫 󰁼󰁫󰁠󰁵󰁸󰁫 󰁵󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁮󰁯󰁫󰁬󰁫󰁻 󰁳󰁫󰁪󰁮󰁤󰁮 󰁮󰁧󰁼 󰁧󰁪󰁢󰁧󰁼 󰁤󰁧󰁼 󰁵󰁸󰁧󰁣󰁮󰁯󰁧󰁼 󰁫󰁬󰁧󰁯󰁢󰁫󰁬󰁦󰁤󰁧 󰁮󰁵󰁫󰁯󰁮󰁼 󰁵󰁫󰁪󰁧󰁼 󰁮󰁪󰁴󰁧󰁼 󰁦󰁯󰁦󰁬󰁦󰁮󰁤󰁧󰁼 󰁧󰁬󰁻󰁪󰁴󰁦󰁼󰁴󰁮󰁼, 󰁧󰁼 󰁾󰁻󰁮󰁦󰁼 󰁯󰃬󰁧 󰁯󰁫󰁬󰁫󰁼󰁼󰁦󰁴󰁮󰁠 󰁤󰁫 󰁠󰁮󰁦󰁧󰁸󰁫󰁼󰁬󰁧󰁠󰁫󰁯󰁴󰃮󰁸󰁦󰁧󰁼󰀯󰁄󰁫󰁼󰁫󰁡󰁮󰁠󰁧󰁼 󰁨󰁧󰁯󰁼 󰁫󰁼󰁴󰁻󰁤󰁧󰁼 󰁼󰁧󰁨󰁸󰁫 󰁧 󰁌󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦, 󰁦󰁯󰁦󰁬󰁦󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧 󰁵󰁧󰁸 󰁫󰁼󰁴󰁫 󰁠󰃼󰁤󰁻󰁪󰁧 󰁦󰁯󰁴󰁸󰁧󰁤󰁻󰁴󰃼󰁸󰁦󰁧󰀯

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

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\ìg `nssns dk `gvf`kotgs jkotgs, skrkogs k dk fdndk f`k`grfnj. \ìg dgtndgs dk u`irnodk kqufjàhrfg, oklkssîrfg pnrn `notkr n rkjnéìg kotrk gs quk onslk` k gs quk `grrk`, kotrk g qukæ dndg k g quk æ dkvgjvfdg. Ugr fssg, kstìg nssglfndgs å austfén k ng kqufjàhrfg.\ìg ns kotfdndks `nfs ncnstndns dgs skrks bu`nogs k ns `nfs pkrfigsns. Folgrrkr ogdksnirndg gu on frrftnéìg dkssks Grfxîs-cuocuo æ cntnj. Tnj sftunéìg, kstî nssglfndn ng skotf`kotg qukntkrrgrfzn njiuos foflfndgs, ng nofqufjn`kotg tgtnj, n dk skr lg`pjktn`kotk rknhsgrvfdg pkjn `nssn koìg rkonslkr ouoln `nfs.Cuocuo nquf æ utfjfzndg lg` dupjg skotfdg1 dg hrnolg,dk tudg quk æ hrnolg, gs ghaktgs kns suhstèolfns hrnolns= k n dg folgjgr, notf-suhstèolfn, g ondn.

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@uftn ikotk nlrkdftn quk gs grfxîs sìg skrks fockrfgrks, pkrvkrsgs k dk pguln juz. Gu, kotìg,lbkin` n dkcfof-jgs lg`g lrfnturns dk`goànlns, lg` irnodk pgdkr dk dkstruféìg, usndgs sg`kotkpnrn g `nj. @ns, kotìg, g quk rknj`kotk sìg gs grfxîs7Unrn oüs, gs grfxîs sìg skrks dfvfogs lrfndgs pgr Gjgruo, ogssg Dkus ñoflg, quk g nuxfjfnrn` onlrfnéìg dg uofvkrsg k dk tgdgs gs skus lg`pgokotks. N pnrtfr dnà, kjks inobnrn` n cuoéìg dkfotkr`kdfîrfgs kotrk g lrfndgr k n lrfnturn. Æ ntrnvæs dkjks quk pgdk`gs tkotnr lbkinr u` pgulg `nfspkrtg dk Dkus, sk fssg oìg cgr `uftn prktkosìg pnrn oüs, `krgs `grtnfs.\kiuodg gs ygruhîs, gs grfxîs sìg gs dgogs dn ogssn lnhkén, gu "grf", k ogssgs prgtktgrksfodfvfdunfs. Kjks kstìg sk`prk tkotnodg ogs trnos`ftfr skus lgobklf`kotgs, quk, `uftns vkzks, pnssn`dksnpkrlkhfdgs pkjn ogssn rnzìg, `ns oìg pkjgs ogssgs skotfdgs. Fockjfz`kotk, oìg dn`gs n dkvfdnf`pgrtèolfn n kssk cntg, nlbnodg quk sìg "lgfsns dn ogssn f`nifonéìg". \kiuodg nlrkdftn`gs, bguvku`n irnodk rupturn kotrk gs skrks bu`nogs k gs grfxîs, quk notks vfvfn` jndg n jndg, lndn u`pgdkodg vfsftnr g `uodg u` dg gutrg= gu skan, n Tkrrn (åfyæ) k g læu (gruo), kstnvn` jfindgs kotrk sf,oìg kxfstfodg hnrrkfrns. Njiu`ns jkodns dg Lnodg`hjæ lgotn` quk tudg lgrrfn `uftg hk`, ntæ u` skrbu`nog dksrkspkftnr n grdk` kstnhkjklfdn pgr Gjgruo. \ku krrg cgf ndkotrnr k` u` jglnj prgfhfdg,`nlujnodg-g lg` n suakfrn dn Tkrrn. Fssg oìg cgf pkrdgndg, k n skpnrnéìg tgrogu-sk fokvftîvkj. Nssf`,Gxnjî sgprgu g sku bîjftg dfvfog sghrk n Tkrrn, lrfnodg g nr nt`gscærflg, quk skrfn, dnà k` dfnotk, nhnrrkfrn kotrk kssks dgfs `uodgs. Dksdk kotìg, gs skrks bu`nogs vfvk` tkotnodg njlnoénr g læu kskus skrks kolnotndgs, sk` ghtkr rksujtndg.Oüs, ntrnvæs dg Lnodg`hjæ, lgoskiuf`gs rkstnhkjklkr kssn jfinéìg lg` g gruo, k tk`gs gpgdkr dk prkskolfnr ljnrn`kotk n `nofckstnéìg dn lkotkjbn dfvfon k` ogssg fotkrfgr, quk æ nkxpkrfáolfn `nfs `nrnvfjbgsn quk njiuæ` pgdk kxpkrf`kotnr. N kssk lgoauotg dk `klnofs`gs lrfndgspkjgs skrks bu`nogs pnrn tkotnr lbkinr `nfs pkrtg dg lrfndgr k rkntnr, nssf`, n lg`uoflnéìgfotkrrg`pfdn og pnssndg, æ n `kjbgr dkcfoféìg pnrn n pnjnvrn rkjfifìg.Bî vnrfns cgr`ns dk u` `ks`g grfxî, fstg æ, kxfstk` vîrfgs tfpgs dfckrkotks prgvkofkotks dk u`n`ks`n grfik` dfvfon. N kssk ckoô`kog dn`gs g og`k dk qunjfdndks. Tg`k`gs g kxk`pjg dg grfxîGxuo, quk rkfon ons îiuns dglks. Kjk frî suhdfvfdfr-sk k` vîrfns cgr`ns gu qunjfdndks, lg`g1 Ugodî,Gpnrî, Mnrk, Tgpæ, ktl. Tgdns kssns qunjfdndks tá` n `ks`n kssáolfn, `ns dfckrk` kotrk sf k``uftns lgfsns, foljusfvk og quk dfz rkspkftg n skus cuodn`kotgs k rftunfs. Kssk tk`n æ `uftg lg`pjkxg,ikrnodg dñvfdns ntæ `ks`g kotrk gs hnhnjgrfxîs.Ugr fssg, pnrn pgdkr`gs dktkltnr g grfxî dk u`n pkssgn, nssf` lg`g sun cgr`n gu qunjfdndk, æprklfsg lgosujtnr g grîlujg dk Fcî, gu agig dk hñzfgs. Oìg kxfstk gutrg `kfg `nfs skiurg k kcflnz.Ntrnvæs dgs hñzfgs, u` hg` snlkrdgtk skrî lnpnz dk fdkotfcflnr, g grfxî ng qunj n pkssgnpkrtkolk, k tn`hæ` vkrfcflnr sk bî, rknj`kotk, n oklkssfdndk dk sk cnzkr n foflfnéìg. Lnsg fssg skanfokvftîvkj, n pkssgn k` qukstìg dkvkrî pnssnr pgr vîrfgs prklkftgs dk lgocfr`néìg ntæ g dfn dn ckfturn.Æ cuodn`kotnj quk oìg bnan krrgs dk kspælfk njiu`n, pgfs æ lg` n vfdn dk u` skr bu`nog qukkstn`gs jfdnodg.^unodg g hnhnjgrfxî fdkotfcfln g grfxî dk njiuæ`, tkrî, oklkssnrfn`kotk dk jkvnotnr tgdgs gsdktnjbks quk kstìg jfindgs n kjk, lg`g n cn`àjfn ng qunj pkrtkolk, ns gckrkodns dk quk igstn, g tfpg dklg`fdn quk `nfs jbk nirndn, skus juinrks dk khüs, rkzns, lnotfins, ktl. Æ, tn`hæ`, `uftg f`pgrtnotksnhkr sghrk g kjk`kotg dn onturkzn quk kjk bnhftn k dg`fon, hk` lg`g n cuoéìg quk dksk`pkobndkotrg dg uofvkrsg.Gs grfxîs pgdk` skr kvglndgs ntrnvæs dk rkzns (ndurns), lnotfins kspklfnfs (grfmfs), gu pkjgsku og`k dkotrg dg pjnotkj dgs grfxîs (`gruomg). Lndn u` dkjks tk` suns lgrks prkdg`fonotks, qukdkrfvn` dns trás lgrks hîsflns dg uofvkrsg, quk, skiuodg gs ygruhîs, sìg g vkr`kjbg, g prktg k ghrnolg. Ns rgupns rftunfs dk lndn grfxî, njæ` dk tgdgs gs ndkrkégs k ckrrn`kotns quk jbk sìgpklujfnrks, tn`hæ` kxfhfrìg kssns lgrks. Ns lg`fdns tn`hæ` sìg fodfspkosîvkfs ons gckrkodns,vnrfnodg `uftg dk grfxî pnrn grfxî.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

GXFRÎ\

Gs okirgs ncrflnogs, ng lbkinrk` ng Hrnsfj, trguxkrn` u` lujtg prf`ftfvg, grfuodg dk sun pîtrfn,lgobklfdg lg`g Lnodg`hjæ. Npnrkotk`kotk dk `nokfrn focnotfj, lujtunvn` njiuos dkusks lbn`ndgspgr kjks dk "grfxîs". Kssns dfvfodndks skrfn`, pgr u` jndg, jfindns å onturkzn k pgr gutrg ngs bg`kos.Urntflnotks sklujnrks dg `kdfuofs`g, gs okirgs ndkptgs dg Lnodg`hjæ, oìg nlkftnvn` k oìg nlkftn`ntæ bgak, n "folgrpgrnéìg" k` skus `ædfuos dk Kspàrftgs dk "`grtgs". Og Lnodg`hjæ u` Kspàrftgkrrnotk æ lbn`ndg dk "kiu`".Ns dkcfoféûks n sku rkspkftg k ns jkodns ncrflnons n rkspkftg dk godk kjks sk grfifonrn` sìg vîrfns,`ns lgfolfdk` k` njiuos pgotgs hîsflgs1 Grfxîs sìg dfvfodndks fotkr`kdfîrfns kotrk g Dkus \uprk`gk g `uodg tkrrkstrk, kolnrrkindgs dk nd`fofstrnr n lrfnéìg k sk lg`uoflnr lg` gs bg`kos ntrnvæs dkvfstgsgs k lg`pjkxgs rftunfs. Ns kstürfns sghrk kjks cnjn`-ogs dk skrks prgcuodn`kotk bu`nogs k`sku lg`pgrtn`kotg - nrquætfpgs quk kolgotrn` lgrrkspgodáolfn lg` vîrfns `ftgjgifns, kotrk kjns nirklg-rg`non.Kxfstk` duns lgrrkotks hîsflns quk tkotn` kxpjflnr g npnrklf`kotg dgs Grfxîs. [`n dkjns rk`gotn nlrfnéìg dg uofvkrsg. Notks dk tudg bnvfn g lngs, ntæ quk u` dkus suprk`g, Gjgru` (å sk`kjbnoén dgDkus lntüjflg) lrfgu g uofvkrsg, suns kstrkjns, pjnoktns, g `uodg `ntkrfnj, quk sk skpnrnvn, dk`nokfrn drîstfln, dg quk bnvfn notks, g `uodg f`ntkrfnj gu sghrkonturnj. Unrn kstnhkjklkr skulgotrgjk sghrk gs skrks quk bnhftnrfn` kssks `uodgs (gu, kspklfcfln`kotk, å Tkrrn), Gjgru` lrfgu gskjk`kotgs, skodg lndn u` dkjks n cgr`n `ntkrfnj dgs Grfxîs.Gutrn `nokfrn dk sk kxpjflnr g `ks`g prglkssg æ `kogs `àstfln= gs Grfxîs skrfn` skrks bu`nogsf`pgrtnotks, dgogs dk irnodk pgdkr k` vfdn, quk `grrkrn` dk `nokfrns folg`uos, pgr `kfg dkirnodks nlkssgs dk lüjkrn gu kotìg dk cuj`fonotk pnfxìg. Kssn sghrklnrin dk skotf`kotg tkrfnprgvglndg u`n kspælfk dk dkrrn`n`kotg dn kssáolfn dk lndn skr, f`pkdfodg quk kjks nssu`fssk` ncgr`n lg`u` dk tgdgs gs kspàrftgs `grtgs, gs kiuos. Okstk lnsg, tnfs kspàrftgs sk fdkotfcflnrfn` lg`u` dgs kjk`kotgs dn onturkzn.G Grfxî skrfn, kotìg, u` nolkstrnj dfvfofzndg, quk, qunodg vfvg, kstnhkjklku lgotrgjk sghrk lkrtnscgréns dn onturkzn, tnfs lg`g g trgvìg, g vkotg, ns îiuns dglks gu snjindns, gu `ks`g sghrk lkrtnsntfvfdndks lg`g n lnén, g trnhnjbg k` `ktnj, gu nfodn, sghrk g lgobklf`kotg dns vfrtudks k dnutfjfznéìg dns pjnotns. G pgdkr, g Nxæ, dg nolkstrnj Grfxî tkrfn n cnlujdndk, dkpgfs dn sun `grtk, dk sktrnos`ftfr `g`kotnokn`kotk n u` dk skus dkslkodkotks, og dklgrrkr dk u`n lrfsk dk pgsskssìg.Bnvfn lkrln dk 355 Grfxîs on Îcrfln, quk sk rkduzfrn` n ;5 og Hrnsfj= dkssks, npkons >3 sìg lujtundgsog Lnodg`hjæ on ntunjfdndk. Kssk prglkssg dk nssf`fjnéìg, og kotnotg, oìg kstî dkcfofdg= ng jgoigdkstk sælujg, nssfstfu-sk, pgr kxk`pjg, å prgirkssfvn rknhfjftnéìg dk Onoì, nssf` lg`g gutrnskotfdndks ngs pgulgs vìg skodg ksquklfdns.Gs "grfxîs", ng prksfdfrk` n prüprfn onturkzn ntrnvæs dk skus nikotks, trnrfn` k` sf lnrnltkràstflns dkpkrsgonjfdndk quk gs jfinrfn` n dktkr`fondgs kstndgs kvgjutfvgs dn kspælfk bu`non.N vfhrnéìg prgvglndn pkjg tfpg dk pkrsgonjfdndk dk u` lkrtg fodfvàdug, vnf lgjglî-jg sgh n focjuáolfn dkdktkr`fondg "Grfxî".Dfz-sk, kotìg, quk kjk æ grfuodg dnqukjn cnfxn psàqufln, gu lg`g cnzk` og Lnodg`hjæ, quk kjk æ "cfjbg dk \notg". Gs grfxîs pgdk`skr lgosfdkrndgs nrquætfpgs dn pkrsgonjfdndk crkqúkotk`kotk kslgodfdn dns pkssgns. Gs skus ndkptgs tá` k` lg`u` tkodáolfnsfontns k u` lg`pgrtn`kotg ikrnj lgrrkspgodkotk n lndn Grfxî1 n vfrfjfdndk dkvnstndgrn k vfigrgsn dk RNOIÔ, n ck`fofjfdndkkjkinotk k vnfdgsn dk GR[O, n skosunjfdndk dkskocrkndn dk GVÎ-VNO\NO, n lnj`n hkokvgjkotk dk ONONO, n vfvnlfdndk k nfodkpkodáolfn dk GRG\\F, g `nsgqufs`g k g dkskag dk kxpfnéìg dk G@GJ[ ktl. gs `nfs lujtundgs ntunj`kotk og Hrnsfj, k dknlgrdg lg` g tàtujg, u`n rkjfifìg n skrvfég dg pgvg, gs dk `nfgr fotkrkssk pkjn ogssn prüprfn oklkssfdndk, `nfgr lgobklf`kotg kfotkrnéìg. Jkvnodg sk`prk k` lgosfdkrnéìg quk sìg dkog`fondgs on jfoiunik` ygruhnon.Kxfstk u`n suhdfvfsìg, kotrk gs grfxîs, quk gs dfckrkolfn k fdkotfcfln, dk u`n cgr`n `nfs fodfvfdunj,`ks`g dkotrg dg sku irupg, quk æ dkog`fondg "qunjfdndk" dg grfxî, lnhk u`n kxpjflnéìg `nfsnprgcuodndn= lndn pkssgn tk` u` grfxî fodfvfdunj, ñoflg k kxljusfvg, oìg kxfstk` dgfs grfxîs fiunfsk` tgdn tkrrn, k tgdgs pgssuà`gs, g quk lbn`n`gs dk "lufn' , cgr`ndn pgr sktk grfxîs, skodg u`prfolfpnj, lbn`ndg dk "crkotk" - g dgog dg Grà - , g skiuodg "nauotü", gs dk`nfs1 "prgtkéìg","lnrrkig", "njflkrlk" k "lu`fkfrn". N lndn grfxî, ns qunjfdndks vnrfn` dk nlgrdg lg` n onéìg quk skprntfln (mátg, iáik, noigjn, fakxî, cgo...), kssns qunjfdndks kxprf`k` sftunéûks dkssks grfxîs, qukpgdk` skr, tàtujgs bgogràcflgs (lnsg dk Rnoiô), tfpgs dk nof`nfs, juinrks, sftunéûks, cgr`ns ... gs sktkgrfxîs quk cgr`n` n "lufn" dk lndn pkssgn, lg` ns suns `nfs dfvkrsns qunjfdndks, cgr`n` kotrk sf,u`n lg`hfonéìg `ntk`îtfln, qunsk quk focfoftn, g quk prgpflfn n lndn fodfvàdug, u` grfxî ñoflg, sk`gutrg fiunj.Gs GXFRÎ\ - dkusks FGX[HÎ\ on Îcrfln k og Ogvg @uodg “ skrfn` nolkstrnfs `àtflgskolnotndgs k `ktn`grcgskndgs ons cgréns dn onturkzn. Lndn Fodfvàdug tk` u` GXFRÎ prfolfpnj quk æg "dgog dn lnhkén", k gutrgs trás quk kxfik` lujtun lìg k quk tn`hæ` gckrklk` prgtkéìg. N trndféìgncfr`n quk lndn skr bu`nog, og `g`kotg k` quk æ lrfndg, kslgjbk jfvrk`kotk sun lnhkén (GXF) k skudkstfog (GD[). Lndn pkssgn tk` u`n grfik` dfvfon, quk n jfin n u`n dfvfodndk kspklàcfln. Kstn pnrtkdfvfon æ sftundn dkotrg dn lnhkén. N suhstèolfn dk grfik` dfvfon (FUGXF) tgron `nofckstn n cfjfnéìg nu` dkus kspklfcflg “ g KJKDÎ, pgr Fssg lbn`ndg g dgog dn lnhkén. Lgobklkr sku KJKDÎ pgssfhfjftn ngbg`k` skr nrtàcflk dk sku prüprfg dkstfog, lu`prfodg ns ghrfinéûks gu Fotkrdféûks quk sku GXFRÎdktkr`fon.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

\nhkr `nofpujnr tnfs focjuáolfns kqufvnjk ng lgobklf`kotg dg bgrüslgpg ontnj lg` ns `kjbgrnsdk vfdn, quk sk pgdk ghtkr snhkodg guvfr gs nstrgs. 5 "dgog dn lnhkén" (KJKDÎ) dktkr`fon g tfpgpsflgjüiflg dk sku cfjbg k rkspgodk, tn`hæ`, pgr suns lnrnltkràstflns càsflns k sku dkstfog.Trndflfgonj`kotk, snhk-sk qunj g GXFRÎ dn lnhkén, pkjn jkfturn dk hñzfgs - cgr`n dfvfontürfn on qunjsk já g GD[. Unrn fssg, usn-sk hñzfg ncrflnog (LN[XF) prkvfn`kotk prkpnrndg pnrn kssk cf`.Sgjtnrk`gs, npüs u`n vfsìg ikrnj dn kstruturn dg LNODG@HJÍ, ngs GXFRÄ\ k tfpgs psflgjüiflgs.

GXFRÎ\ UG[LG L[JT[NDG\1

NNNAÎ 1 Kstî jfindg å cjgrkstn, æ nqukjn quk kosfon g usg dns krvns.NHÆ 1 Æ lujtundg on Lnsn Irnodk dns Nj`ns dns @fons, og @nrnobìg, æ fr`ì iá`kn dk HNDÆ, og Aáakæ lbn`ndg dk NIHÂ.NCÆCÆ 1 Dkusn dgs vkotgs, Dkusn Vgruhî. \k rkjnlfgon lg` Gyî.NCG@NO1 Dkus dn vnràgjn, rkspgosîvkj pkjns kpfdk`fns.NAÆ RNJ[IÌ 1 G kslgjbfdg dk Gjgru`, rkprkskotn rfqukzn k sulkssg. ^unodg irnodk sg`n dk dfobkfrgtk` quk skr ghtfdn æ ckftg npkjg å kstk Grfxî.NAÎ 1 Æ u` Grfxî quk lg`kodn g vkotg k pgssuf u`n cgrén kxtrngrdfoîrfn. Ns pkssgns dkssk Grfxîcnzk` snlrfcàlfgs dk nof`nfs k ckstkags skpnrndgs dgs dk`nfs.NIK@Ü 1 Æ u` tfpg dk Grfxî lg`u` kotrk Faæhý k Nigfwüyk.NQN@GDÔ 1 Lujtundg og Aáak. Og sku dfn æ rknjfzndn u`n irnodk ckstn (3 dk Anokfrg). Okssn ckstn,tgdgs gs foflfndgs dkvk` usnr rgupn hrnoln. Ns `ujbkrks trnzk` on lnhkén trnvkssns k in`kjns dkhnrrg rkpjktns dk crutns, quk sìg lgjglndns ogs pæs dns îrvgrks lgrrkspgodkotks. Tgdgs dkvk` lg`krcrutns. Oìg bî snlrfcàlfg dk nof`nfs.NUNGMÎ 1 Grfxî quk tk` g sku lgrpg k` cgr`n dk îrvgrk, æ g skobgr dn anqukfrn. \kiuodg njiu`nsjkodns ikrgu Gxgssf. Â `uftg lgocuodfdg lg` Frômg.NRNHÜ 1 Grfxî ck`fofog dn cn`àjfn dk Rnoiô, usn vkstf`kotns ons lgrks vkr`kjbg k hrnolg (pgdkodgskr kstn`pndg). [sn sk`prk pnog dn lgstn. Trnz on `ìg u`n jfrn.NÀQN 1 Æ g vgdu` dn `grtk. G sku nsskotn`kotg æ kotkrrndg g `nfs cuodg pgssàvkj, gu tnpndg lg`lf`kotg, dk cgr`n quk ofoiuæ` tkobn nlkssg. Kstn kotfdndk tn`hæ` prgtkik nqukjks quk trnhnjbn`og lg`ærlfg, sku nsskotn`kotg æ cuodn`kotndg lg` snoiuk bu`nog. \ku ckrrg æ u`n cgflk.NCXKM[KTÁ 1 gu NYKXKM[KTÆ. Dkus dn nhkrturn dgs ln`fobgs, dfvfodndk ncrflnon, luag lujtg æ`nfs crkqúkotk og Aáak. Tk` jfinéìg lg` Mkvfgsg.NFDGSKDÔ 1 Ukrtkolk ng lujtg dn Dì.NMGOMGXÁ 1 Â nsskotndg on lnanzkfrn snirndn. Lujtundg on Lnsn Irnodk dns @fons dg @nrnobìg.NMÔ\\NUNTÎ 1 Og ogssg lujtg lgrrkspgodk n \nmpntî.HNFNOOF gu HNOBNOF 1 Tk` jfinéìg lg` Rnoiô. \uns vkstf`kotns sìg pnrklfdns lg` n dk Rnoiô,trnz tn`hæ` u` ndæ dk hñzfgs, dk `gdg quk cfln dksprgpgrlfgonj lg` n lnhkén dg Fnô.HNDÆ 1 Kjk æ g cfjbg dk \gihg. Â lgosfdkrndg pràolfpk. [sn rgupn lgjgrfdn lg` prkdg`foèolfn dkhrnolg k vkr`kjbg, usn tn`hæ` u` igrrg on lnhkén.HNJ[CGO gu HNJ[CNO 1 dkus fovkotgr dn tklkjnik`.HG\\ÑMG gu UG\\Ñ 1 Ukrtkolk n cn`àjfn lbn`ndn Dn`hfrî, jfindn å tkrrn. Æ `uftg pkrfigsg.DG\Ñ gu DG\ÑUK 1 Ukrtkolk å cn`àjfn dgs notkpnssndgs.VN@F GRGXGOIÎ 1 Æ u` Grfxî tkrràvkj ng qunj dkvk`gs g `îxf`g dk rkspkftg. \un rkprkskotnéìg onÎcrfln æ ntrnvæs dk u` pîssnrg ncrflnog. VN@F k`ftk sgos nssustndgrks, dk godk vk` g sku og`k. Ngsk cnjnr okssk Grfxî dkvk-sk cnzkr rkvkráolfn. Lg`g dgon dn hnrrfin bu`non kjn æ tkrràvkj k` sunslghrnoéns. Æ lgosfdkrndn u`n hruxn k u` pîssnrg ng `ks`g tk`pg, sku sà`hgjg æ u`n lgruan.Fyn`f Gsbgrgoiî æ g tkr`g quk dksfion ns tkrràvkfs naæs, ckftflkfrns ncrflnons, u`n vkz quk ofoiuæ`ns lgobklk pgr skus og`ks. Ns Fyn`f rkprkskotn` g nspkltg sg`hrfg dns lgfsns1 n fovkan, g lfñ`k, gpgdkr pkjg pgdkr, n n`hféìg, n cg`k, g lngs g dkslgotrgjk. Og kotnotg, kjns sìg lnpnzks dk rknjfznrirnodks ckftgs qunodg dkvfdn`kotk nirndndns. Ugdk-sk usnr gs lfñ`ks k n n`hféìg dns Fyn`f k`cnvgr prüprfg, k`hgrn oìg skan rklg`kodîvkj jfdnr lg` kjns.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

G SKJÜXFG

G vkjürfg dg zkjndgr dkvkrî skr ckftg og hnrrnlìg godk kjk pnssgu n `nfgr pnrtk dk sun vfdn kspfrftunj,ng jndg dg dkus Vhîs, k dgs cfjbgs dg Nsæ.Tgdgs gs cfjbgs dn lnsn dg cnjklfdg, dkvkrìg kstnr dk hrnolg, skodg quk ns `ujbkrks, lg` suns rgupnssf`pjks, sk` hrfjbg okobu`, sk` noîiuns, sk` pfoturns okobu`n, lg` skus gaîs dk lnhkén sk`grkjbns, k lg` u`n lgotn dk Rnoiô sg`kotk.Gs bg`kos dkvkrìg kstnr dk lnjén, ln`fsn, u`n lgotn dk Rnoiô, k gs Ginos njæ` dfstg u` Kmktæ.Tgdgs dkvkrìg usnr lgotrn Kiuo k ns `ujbkrks, u`hfiukfrns k u` dktnjbk f`pgrtnotk, tgdgs tk` qukkstnr dkslnjégs.Okstk pkràgdg dg vkjürfg quk skrìg ckftns ns ghrfinéûks dg Grf dg Kiuo, pgr quk` dk dfrkftg,nlg`pnobndg pkjgs skus Ginos.

NLG@UNOBN@KOTG - LG@G DNX KOTXNDN OG VHNJÆ - LK@FTÆXFG

N snàdn dg lgrpg dkvkrî skr ckftn npüs n kolg`kodnéìg dg Kiuo, k kotrk gutrgs dktnjbks, tk` Grôkspklfnj pnrn fstg.^unodg lbkinr og Vhnjæ, gs Ginos dn lnsn, k gutrgs tn`hæ` quk sìg n`figs, lgjgln` g lnfxìg ogsg`hrgs k ng pnssnr g pgrtìg prfolfpnj æ jkvnotndg k fstg, tgdgs lnotnodg ns jguvnéûks lgrrktns pnrnkotrndn k nlg`pnobn`kotg.[jtrnpnssndn n kotrndn prfolfpnj , gs Ginos nhnfxn` g lnfxìg dg g`hrgs k gs jkvn` pkjns `ìgsskiurnodg pkjns njéns.K` lndn kolruzfjbndn dg Vhnjæ quk pnssnr, tk` quk pnrnr k dnr u`n k`hnjndfobn pnrn crkotk k pnrntrîs trás vkzks, k nà sìg trglndgs gs Ginos k` lndn u`n, ntæ lbkinr n skpujturn.Og skpujtn`kotg dkvkrî skr g lnfxìg skr lghkrtg pgr u`n tgnjbn hrnoln, dkvkrî skr dkrrn`ndg sghrkkjk, Dkhurñ, Khô, Nlnéîs, Kmurus, k gs ntfos dk Gxnjî, njæ` dns cjgrks quk cfln` n lrftærfg dn cn`àjfn.Npüs g skpujtn`kotg ogs tk`pgs dn notfin gs cfjbgs dg tkrrkfrg vgjtnvn` tgdgs pnrn n rgén pnrn dnrfoàlfg ngs prkpnrntfvgs pnrn g rftunj dg Nsksk, quk lg`kénvn og `ks`g dfn dg skpujtn`kotg.Hg` fstg æ ogs tk`pgs fdgs rknj`kotk, pgrquk ntunj`kotk oìg æ pgssàvkj kstk prglkdf`kotg dkvfdg ngnjtg lustg dk vfdn, oìg lkdkodg `nrik` pnrn vfnhfjfznr n ghrfinéìg.G quk sk cnz bgak æ u`n jfstn dk naudn, pnrn skr pnssndn ngs `k`hrgs dn lnsn, ljfkotks, og skotfdg dknoinrfnr cuodgs pnrn kocrkotnr ns dkspkzns dklgrrkotks dn lkrf`ôofn cñokhrk.Nà kotìg, skrî `nrlndg g dfn dg foflfg k sk nvfsn n tgdn lg`uofdndk dg Kihæ pnrn quk lg`pnrkén nglkrf`gofnj.

@NTKXFNF\ UNXN @GOTNIK@ DG N\K\K

Gs `ntkrfnfs usndgs og Nsksk vnrfn` dk onéìg pnrn onéìg, k ngs qukrfdgs fr`ìgs quk `uftg k`hgrndfin`gs quk Kiuo oìg tk` onéìg, fstg æ vkrdndk, oìg ghstnotk, gs rftunfs sìg dfckrkotks k`hgrn,usk`gs `nfs gu `kogs ns `ks`ns lgfsns.

@NTKXFNF\ UNXN @GOTNIK@ DG VHNJÆ

Og Vhnjæ quk æ `gotndg pnrn foflfg dn ghrfinéìg, oüs rkuof`gs tgdgs gs pkrtkolks dg `grtg, tgdgs gsVhîs dk \notg, k tudg fstg ghkdklk n u` rftunj dk prgcuodfdndk.

LG@FDN UNXN G UGSG

N lg`fdn n skr skrvfdn pnrn g pkssgnj quk kstî pnrtflfpnodg dns ghrfinéûks æ g pkfxk gu gutrnsfiunrfns grfuodns dg `nr, lg`g hnlnjbnu, ln`nrìg ktl. Oìg usnodg pkfxk, pgdk skr ckftg nrrgz lg`snjndn, `nlnrrìg, kocf` tudg g quk pudkr sk` jkvnr ondn dk lnrok nof`nj.

TK@UG DK D[XNÉÈG DG N\K\K

\k cgr zkjndgr lg` lnsn dk snotg nhkrtn, g tk`pg dk durnéìg æ dk 9 dfns. Khg`fs lg` ghrfinéìg dksktk nogs tn`hæ` sìg sktk dfns. \k cgr Vnwü lg` u` nog, g tk`pg æ dk u` dfn, sk cgr Vnwü dk trásnogs, g tk`pg æ dk trás dfns. Ginos, Kmkdy, Ghîs k` qunfsqukr sftunéìg sìg sktk dfns.Vnwôs gu qunjqukr vgduossf sk` ghrfinéìg tkobn kjk qunotgs nogs tfvkr tk` dfrkftg ng `kogs n u`dfn dk Nsksk.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

FOD[@KOTÎXFN

Lg`g tgdgs snhk` g hrnolg rkprkskotn g jutg dk Gxnjî, k rkprkskotn n pnz, on ogssn rkjfifìg g hrnolgpnrn kssn ghrfinéìg æ uofcgr`k ikrnj pnrn quk` vk` nssfstfr.Ns skobgrns usn` snfns, ln`fsn, lnjégjìg, pnog dn lgstn, gaî dk lnhkén. Gs dktnjbks æ quk oìg usn`noîiuns, k ok` rgupns hrfjbgsns, grkjbns ogs gaîs k hntn. ^unotg n hntn, sü pgdkrìg usî-jns ns Vnjgrfsîs dk gutrgs Nsæs k n zkjndgrndn lnsn, sk cgr g lnsg.

XFT[NJ DN\ DNOÉN\

\nhk`gs quk g Lnodg`hjæ k tgdg kjk æ rft`ndg k n lkrf`ôofn dk Nsksk æ tn`hæ` tglndn pkjgs pgtksk lnhnéns, quk ntrnvæs dgs Ginos, sìg kolgotrndgs gs lèotflgs snirndgs dk jguvnéìg ng kspàrftg dgcnjklfdg. Kssks lèotflgs sìg jn`kotgs, rkzns k grnéûks quk prgpflfn` g koln`fobn`kotg dg Kiuo,vfnhfjfznodg g sku dksjfin`kotg dns lgfsns tkrrkons. Gs prf`kfrgs dfns sìg dk u`n prkskoén `nrlnotk,pgrquk kjk nfodn oìg kotkodku g sku pnssn`kotg.^unodg g cnjklf`kotg æ ogr`nj tgron-sk `nfs cîlfj, pgræ` qunodg g cnjklf`kotg æ glnsfgondg pgrnlfdkotk, lrf`k gu qunjqukr gutrn sftunéìg trnu`îtfln, n nlkftnéìg æ `uftg `nfs dk`grndn.Kstn æ n rnzìg pgr quá sk cnz g Nsksk dk `ás, trás `ksks, skfs `ksks, nog, trás nogs, sktk nogs,qunrtgzk nogs k vfotk u` nogs. Kstk lnsg sìg pnrn Hnhnjgrfxîs k Vnjgrfxîs quk tfvkrn` vfdns `uftgntfvns k` suns lnsns qunodg krn` vfvns.G rftunj dns dnoéns ontfvns ghkdklk n u`n grdk` ràifdn ng quk sk rkckrk ng rftunj, npkjfdndg dk tfrnr gpæ dk Kiuo fstg qukr dfzkr quk n Vnjgrfxî gu g Hnhnjgrfsî `nfs vkjbg æ quk` vnf dnoénr prf`kfrg juinr.N grdk` æ dg `nfs vkjbg pnrn g `nfs ogvg, k qunodg kssks kstìg dnoénodg, gs dk`nfs lgjgln` ns`ìgs pnrn g njtg og skotfdg dk grnr n pkssgn, hk` lg`g trnos`ftfr u`n kokrifn pgsftfvn k cgrtk pnrncfjn.Okstk nodn`kotg uos vìg trglnodg dk pkssgns on crkotk dg Fhnjæ, k lgjglnodg k` suns `ìgs `gkdns,quk sìg ndqufrfdns lg` gs Ginos. N trgln dk `gkdns lgrrkotks trntn-sk dk u` khü quk kstn skodgpnssndg. Sfstg quk g dfobkfrg nodn k` tudg quk æ juinr k trgln dk `ìgs k` `ìgs k` hgos k `nusn`hfkotks dg pjnoktn. Gs notfigs nprgvkftn` kstk dfobkfrg ndqufrfdg, og dklgrrkr dgs dfns, pnrn naudnrn pninr n `fssn dk sætf`g dfn dg Kiuo.

FSGLNÉÌG DK KI[OI[O

HNHN Kiuo jnsk sk fosk Fmñ njurnMgduo Mgduo n snino ouinoFmñ ndkrk Fmñ sudno Dno ouino\k fosk Hnhn gpk fwg fwgKiuo ktfjkrfwg.Tg mg Hfhfwn@nrfn wg`gmgmno tgtgpæ FrfwnGiuo Njurn-Kiuo-NtgpæKiuo Fifif dnigjgono sntn Mndumno,Df Fotgtg Mumno Mgtgyg MudnoMgtgyg Ksk k Mgtgyg \nodk

UNXN TXNQKX G HNHN KI[O NG GA[HÜ

HNHN Kiuo `fo Dfdk `fo tfk HnhnVk g`go Mgrfo goî Fmñg. K`f GofjæFinhnræ Hnhn, Hnhn Njnyk Nyk HnhnNdupæ Nmgdn Fmñ Goì.Ons `nfs dfckrkotks lujturns, n lgolkpéìg rkjfifgsn dn `grtk kstî lgotfdn on prüprfn lgolkpéìg dn vfdnk n`hns oìg sk skpnrn`. Gs fgruhîs k gutrgs irupgs ncrflnogs quk cgr`nrn` n hnsk lujturnj dnsrkjfifûks ncrg-hrnsfjkfrns nlrkdftn` quk n vfdn k n `grtk njtkron`-sk k` lfljgs, dk tnj `gdg quk g`grtg vgjtn ng `uodg dgs vfvgs, rkkolnronodg-sk ou` ogvg `k`hrg dn prüprfn cn`àjfn. \ìg `uftgs gsog`ks fgruhîs quk kxprf`k` kxntn`kotk kssk rktgrog, lg`g Hnhntuodá, quk qukr dfzkr G-pnf-kstîdk-vgjtn.Unrn gs fgruhîs, kxfstk u` `uodg k` quk vfvk` gs bg`kos k` lgotntg lg` n onturkzn, g ogssg`uodg dgs vfvgs, quk kjks lbn`n` dk nfá, k u` `uodg sghrkonturnj, godk kstìg gs grfxîs, gutrnsdfvfodndks k kspàrftgs, k pnrn godk vìg gs quk `grrk`, `uodg quk kjks lbn`n` dk gru`. ^unodgnjiuæ` `grrk og nfá, sku kspàrftg, gu u`n pnrtk dkjk, vnf pnrn g gru`, dk godk pgdk rktgronr ng nfáonslkodg dk ogvg. Tgdgs gs bg`kos, `ujbkrks k lrfnoéns vìg pnrn u` `ks`g juinr, oìg kxfstfodg nfdæfn dk puoféìg gu prá`fg npüs n `grtk k, pgr lgoskiufotk, fokxfstfodg ns ogéûks dk læu, fockrog kpurintürfg ogs `gjdks dn trndféìg glfdkotnj-lrfstì. Oìg bî aujin`kotg npüs n `grtk k gs kspàrftgsrktgron` å vfdn og nfá tìg jgig pgssn`, pgfs g fdknj æ g `uodg dgs vfvgs, g hg` æ vfvkr. Gs kspàrftgsdgs `grtgs fjustrks (rkfs, bkrüfs, irnodks snlkrdgtks, cuodndgrks dk lfdndks k dk jfobnikos) sìglujtundgs k sk `nofckstn` ogs ckstfvnfs dk kiuoiu` og lgrpg dk snlkrdgtks `nslnrndgs, qunodgkotìg trnosftn` kotrk gs bu`nogs, aujinodg suns cnjtns k rksgjvkodg ns lgotkodns k pkodáolfns dkfotkrkssk dn lg`uofdndk.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

G pnpkj dg nolkstrnj kiuoiu` og lgotrgjk dn `grnjfdndk dg irupg k on `noutkoéìg dg kqufjàhrfgsglfnj ntrnvæs dn sgjuéìg dk pkodáolfns k dfsputns pkssgnfs, fockjfz`kotk, oìg sk rkprgduzfu og Hrnsfj.K`hgrn g lujtg ng kiuoiu` tkobn sfdg rklgostftuàdg on Hnbfn k` uos pgulgs tkrrkfrgs kspklfnjfzndgs,g lnodg`hjæ dk kiuoiu` dn fjbn dk Ftnpnrfln (Hrnin, >668), `nfs tnrdk tn`hæ` prkskotk on lfdndkdk \njvndgr k k` \ìg Unujg, kstî `uftg dfstnotk dn prîtfln dfîrfn dgs lnodg`hjæs dk grfxîs kprntfln`kotk dfvgrlfndgs dn vfdn on sglfkdndk prgcnon, pkrdkodg lg`pjktn`kotk ns cuoéûks sglfnfsncrflnons grfifonfs, dk tnj `gdg quk n rkjfifìg ncrflnon og Hrnsfj, dfssk`fondn pkjgs tkrrkfrgs dk grfxîs,nlnhgu pgr sk lgostftufr ou`n rkjfifìg kstrftn`kotk rftunj, u`n rkjfifìg n-ætfln, u`n vkz quk skuslg`pgokotks fostftulfgonfs dk grfkotnéìg vnjgrntfvn k lgotrgjk dg lg`pgrtn`kotg k` cnlk dk u`n`grnjfdndk lgjktfvn kxkrlftndn ogs ckstfvnfs dgs notkpnssndgs kiuoiuos nuskotnrn`-sklg`pjktn`kotk dn vfdn lgtfdfnon dgs skiufdgrks dn rkjfifìg dgs grfxîs.G fdknj fgruhî dg rkonslf`kotg æ ns vkzks tìg kxtrk`n`kotk kxnikrndg, quk njiuos kspàrftgs onslk`k k` skiufdn `grrk` sg`kotk pkjg prnzkr dk rnpfdn`kotk pgdkr onslkr dk ogvg. \ìg gs lbn`ndgsnhflus (jftkrnj`kotk, onslfdg pnrn `grrkr), quk kxpjfln` on lujturn fgruhî trndflfgonj ns kjkvndnstnxns dk `grtnjfdndk focnotfj. K` ikrnj, u` nhflu rkonslk skiufdn`kotk dg ñtkrg dn `ks`n `ìk.^unodg u`n lrfnoén æ fdkotfcflndn lg`g skodg u` nhflu, `uftgs sìg gs rftgs `fofstrndgs pnrn f`pkdfrsun `grtk prk`nturn. Nssf` lg`g n sglfkdndk Kiuoiu` lujtun gs notkpnssndgs `nslujfogs dg irupg(Hnhnyk`f, >625), gutrn sglfkdndk dk `nslnrndgs, n sglfkdndk Iukjkdæ, lkjkhrn n `ìks nolkstrnfs,ås qunfs lnhk tn`hæ` zkjnr pkjn snñdk k vfdn dns lrfnoéns, foljusfvk gs nhflus (Jnwnj, >663). Gsckstfvnfs Iukjkdæ oìg sghrkvfvkrn` og Hrnsfj (skiuodg g Urgckssgr Nikogr @frnodn Xglbn, k`lgoskqúáolfn dk dfsputns, og lg`kég dg sælujg, kotrk jfdkrnoéns dg lnodg`hjæ dn Lnsn Hrnoln dgKoikobg Skjbg, quk prgvglnrn` n lfsìg dg irupg k cuodnéìg dg Nxæ Gpô Ncgoaî pgr @ìk Nofobn GhîHfà). Tn`hæ` oìg sghrkvfvku fotkirnj`kotk n fdæfn dk nhflu k g tkr`g pnssgu n dksfionr, k` `uftgslnodg`hjæs, ns pkssgns quk sìg lgosfdkrndns lg`g tkodg onslfdg aî foflfndns pnrn g grfxî n qukpkrtkolk`, oìg dkvkodg, nssf`, skr rnspndns, lg`g dkvk` skr gs dk`nfs quk sk foflfn` on rkjfifìg. N`nokfrn crni`kotîrfn lg`g n rkjfifìg ncrflnon cgf sk rklgostftufodg og Hrnsfj f`pjflgu, ljnrn`kotk, k`nlkotundns `udnoéns ogs lgolkftgs dk vfdn k `grtk, `udnoéns quk vìg ncktnr g skotfdg dk lkrtnsprîtflns rftunfs, kspklfnj`kotk qunodg sgcrk` n lgolgrráolfn dk rftgs lntüjflgs k dk lgolkpéûkskosfondn pkjn Firkan.N trndféìg lrfstì kosfon quk g skr bu`nog æ lg`pgstg dk lgrpg `ntkrfnj k kspàrftg fodfvfsàvkj, n nj`n.On lgolkpéìg fgruhî, kxfstk tn`hæ` n fdæfn dg lgrpg `ntkrfnj, quk kjks lbn`n` dk nrn, g qunj lg` n`grtk dklg`pûk-sk k æ rkfotkirndg å onturkzn, `ns, k` lgotrnpnrtfdn, n pnrtk kspfrftunj æ cgr`ndn dkvîrfns uofdndks rkuofdns, lndn u`n lg` kxfstáolfn prüprfn.Ns uofdndks prfolfpnfs dn pnrtk kspfrftunj sìg >) g sgprg vftnj gu k`f, 8) n pkrsgonjfdndk-dkstfog gu grf, <) fdkotfdndk sghrkonturnj gufdkotfdndk dk grfik` quk jfin n pkssgn å onturkzn, gu skan, g grfxî pkssgnj k 4) g kspàrftg prgprfn`kotk dftg gu kiu`.Lndn pnrtk dkstns prklfsn skr fotkirndn og tgdg quk cgr`n n pkssgn durnotk n vfdn, tkodg lndnu`n dkjns u` dkstfog dfckrkotk npüs n `grtk. G k`f, sgprg vftnj quk vk` dk Gjgru` k quk kstîrkprkskotndg pkjn rkspfrnéìg, nhnodgon on bgrn dn `grtk g lgrpg `ntkrfnj, cnhrflndg pgr Gxnjî, skodgrkfolgrpgrndg å `nssn lgjktfvn quk lgotæ` g prfolàpfg ikoærflg k foksigtîvkj dn vfdn, cgrén vftnjlüs`fln dg dkus-prf`grdfnj Gjgdu`nrk-Gjgru`. G k`f ouoln sk pkrdk k æ lgostnotk`kotk rkutfjfzndg.G grf, quk oüs lbn`n`gs dk lnhkén k quk lgotæ` n fodfvfdunjfdndk k g dkstfog, dksnpnrklk lg` n`grtk, pgfs æ ñoflg k pkssgnj, dk `gdg quk ofoiuæ` bkrdn g dkstfog dk gutrg. Lndn vfdn skrîdfckrkotk, `ks`g lg` n rkkolnronéìg. G grfxî fodfvfdunj, quk dkcfok n grfik` `àtfln dk lndn pkssgn,suns pgtkolfnjfdndks k tnhus, grfik` quk oìg æ n `ks`n pnrn tgdgs, lg`g glgrrk on trndféìg audnflglrfstì(skiuodg n qunj tgdgs vá` dk u` ñoflg k `ks`g dkus-pnf), rktgron lg` n `grtk ng grfxî ikrnj,dg qunj æ u`n pnrtk focfoftæsf`n. Cfonj`kotk, g kiu`, quk æ n prüprfn `k`ürfn dg vfvg k` sunpnssnik` pkjg nfá, quk rkprkskotn n pjkon fdkotfdndk k n jfinéìg sglfnj, hfgirîcfln k lgolrktn lg` nlg`uofdndk, vnf pnrn g gru`, pgdkodg dnà rktgronr, rkonslkodg og skfg dn prüprfn cn`àjfn hfgjüifln.^unodg sk trntn dk njiuæ` fjustrk, gs vfvgs pgdk` lujtunr sun `k`ürfn, quk pgdk skr fovglndnntrnvæs dk u` njtnr gu nsskotn`kotg prkpnrndg pnrn g kiu`, g kspàrftg dg `grtg, lg`g sk cnz lg` gsgrfxîs k gutrns kotfdndks kspfrftunfs. \nlrfcàlfgs vgtfvgs sìg gckrklfdgs ng kiu` quk fotkirn n jfobnik`dgs nolkstrnfs dn cn`àjfn gu dn lg`uofdndk `nfs n`pjn. Xkprkskotn` ns rnàzks dnqukjk irupg k sìg nhnsk dn fdkotfdndk lgjktfvn.On Îcrfln trndflfgonj, dfns dkpgfs dg onslf`kotg dn lrfnoén fgruhî, rknjfzn-sk n lkrf`ôofn dk dnr gog`k, dkog`fondn kmg`gandá, qunodg g hnhnjnô lgosujtn g grîlujg pnrn dksvkodnr n grfik` dnlrfnoén. Æ qunodg sk snhk, pgr kxk`pjg, sk sk trntn dk u` kotk qukrfdg rkonslfdg. Gs og`ks fgruhîssk`prk dksfion` n grfik` `àtfln dn pkssgn, quk pgdk rkckrfr-sk ng sku grfxî pkssgnj, ikrnj`kotk ggrfxî dn cn`àjfn, dktkr`fondg pntrfjfoknr`kotk, gu å lgodféìg k` quk sk dku g onslf`kotg, tfpg dkikstnéìg k pnrtg, sun pgsféìg on skqúáolfn dgs fr`ìgs, qunodg sk trntn, pgr kxk`pjg dnqukjk qukonslk dkpgfs dk iá`kgs, n prüprfn lgodféìg dk nhflu k nssf` pgr dfnotk. N pnrtfr dg `g`kotg dgog`k, dkskolndkfn-sk u`n sulkssìg dk rftgs dk pnssnik` nssglfndgs oìg sü ngs pnpæfs sglfnfs, lg`gn kotrndn on fdndk ndujtn k g lnsn`kotg, `ns tn`hæ` å prüprfn lgostruéìg dn pkssgn, quk sk dîntrnvæs dn fotkirnéìg, k` dfckrkotks `g`kotgs dn vfdn, dgs `ñjtfpjgs lg`pgokotks dg kspàrftg. Lg` n`grtk, kstks rftgs sìg rkckftgs, nigrn lg` n fotkoéìg dk jfhkrnr kssns uofdndks kspfrftfnfs, dk `gdg quklndn u`n dkjks lbkiuk ng dkstfog lkrtg, rkstftufodg-sk, nssf`, g kqufjàhrfg rg`pfdg lg` n `grtk.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

KRÑ NJNMKT[1 Kstk kstî jfindg å onéìg Mktu.KRÑ @GA[HÎ1 Kstk Kxñ kstî kovgjvfdg ås trnféûks dg bg`k`.@gau1 vfvkr å ogftk= Hn1 nr`nr k`hgslndn.KRÑ NANMK-G\[O1 Kstk Kxñ sü cnz g hk`, sk rklusn n cnzkr g `nj. \ü igstn dk skr trntndg pgrbg`k`.KRÑ TFXFXF1 ‚Tf‐ - lg` irnodk cgrén, ‚Xfrf‐ - vnjgr k `ærftg.Tfrfrf rklkhku kstk og`k pgr tkr ntfoifdg u` irnu kspklfnj.KRÑ \GXGMÁ1 Trnhnjbn lg` Giuo \grgmá. \grgmá qukr dfzkr1 irftg cgrtk, hrndg.KRÑ KJKHÜ1 Lnrrkindgr dk Khü.KRÑ NM[KXNO1 Kstî jfindg å lnén.KRÑ KJKX[1 Lg`kén n skr nsskotndg dg jndg dk cgrn ntæ lbkinr dkotrg dg Kihæ.KRÑ VNOI[À gu NIHÎ1 Kxñ pæ-dk-ømgtü, Xkf dk tgdgs gs skus dkslkodkotks. Cgf g prf`kfrgonslfdg dk sun jfobnik`, pnf nolkstrnj.Kstk Kxñ cgf cgr`ndg ntrnvæs dn `fsturn dk îiun k tkrrn (jn`n), `ntærfn prf`n quk Fmñ usgupnrn `gdkjnr g skr bu`nog.Æ lgobklfdg tn`hæ` lg`g pkdrn vkr`kjbn dk jn tkrrftn gu lg`g n prgcgr`n (prf`kfrn cgr`n),gu skan, prf`kfrn `ntærfn dgtndn dk cgr`n.

JKODN DK KRÑ

Kjkihnrn cgf prglurnr u`n rnfobn dksprkzndn, luag `nrfdg n bnvfn nhnodgondg.Kjkihnrn pkdfu å rnfobn npnfxgondn quk trguxkssk njiuos cfgs dk hnrhn dg Xkf, dnodg å kjn u`ncnln pnrn kxklutnr sun grdk` k prg`ktkodg quk jbk cnrfn u` n`ujktg pnrn trnzkr g `nrfdg dk vgjtn.Jgig npüs, Kjkihnrn cgf å lnsn dg cfjbg dn Xnfobn, nqukjk quk bkrdnrfn g trgog. Kstk pràolfpkvfvfn cgrn dg rkfog dg pnf. N trndféìg jglnj f`puobn tnj lgodféìg, pgr nlrkdftnrk` quk n lghfén pkjgpgdkr jbks suhfssk n lnhkén k gs agvkos pràolfpks cgssk` jkvndgs n lg`ktkrk` lrf`ks lgotrn g Xkf.Kjkihnrn dfssk ng pràolfpk quk g Xkf frfn pnrn u`k hntnjbn k dkskanvn n prkskoén dg cfjbg k skusiukrrkfrgs og lnstkjg rknj å ogftk.Ugr ñjtf`g, Kjkihnrn cgf ng Xkf k dfssk-jbk quk n Xnfobn dksprkzndn, tg`ndn dk üdfg pkjn sunnotfpntfn pnrn lg` kjn dkskanvn `ntn-jg. Kjkihnrn dfssk quk g Xkf dkvkrfn tkr `uftg lufdndg å ogftk.Ng nogftklkr, g Xkf cgf pnrn gs skus npgskotgs lg`g dk lgstu`k. @nfs tnrdk, lbkigu n Xnfobnnprgxf`nodg-sk dkvninr lg` u`n cnln, pgfs tkolfgonvn lgrtnr njiuos cfgs dn hnrhn dg Xkf. G Xkfnvfsndg pgr Kjkihnrn tg`n tnj sftunéìg lg`g u`n tkotntfvn dk nssnssfontg, dksnr`nodg n Xnfobn klg`kénodg u`n jutn.G pràolfpk lbkin ng pnjîlfg k guvk irftgs k hnrujbgs vfodgs dg qunrtg rknj. Kjk k skusiukrrkfrgs fovndk` g qunrtg k prkskolfn` g Xkf k n Xnfobn jutnrk` k pkosn` quk g Xkf kstnvntkotnodg `ntnr n Xnfobn. Ugr sun vkz, g Xkf vkodg g pràolfpk k gs iukrrkfrgs fovndfodg sku qunrtg, aujin lg`g u`n lgospfrnéìg kotrk `ìk k cfjbg pnrn tfrnr sku trgog. Trnvn-sk nssf`, u`n hntnjbn lrukjkotrk pnf, `ìk k cfjbg, g quk jkvgu n dkstruféìg dk tgdg g rkfog.

JKODN DK KRÑ

Lgotn-sk quk dgfs irnodks n`figs tfobn`, lndn u`, u` pkdnég dk tkrrn, dfvfdfdg pgr u`nlkrln. Dfnrfn`kotk gs dgfs fn` trnhnjbnr, lnpfonodg k rkvfrnodg n tkrrn pnrn pjnotfg.Kxñ fotkrkssndgons tkrrns, ckz n prgpgstn dk ndqufrf-jns, g quk cgf okindg pkjgs nirflujtgrks. Nhgrrklfdg, `nsdktkr`fondg n ndqufrfr nqukjks dgfs tkrrkogs, prglurgu nifr. Lgjglgu on lkrln u` hgoæ, dk u` jndghrnolg k dg gutrg vkr`kjbg.Onqukjn `nobì, gs n`figs jnvrndgrks lbkinrn` lkdg pnrn trnhnjbnr n tkrrn k vfrn` g hgoæ onlkrln. [` dkjks vfu g jndg hrnolg k g gutrg g jndg vkr`kjbg.K` dndg `g`kotg, u` dgs n`figs pkriuotgu1 - G quk kstk hgoæ hrnolg cnz kolf`n dn lkrln7G gutrg rkspgodku1 -Hrnolg7 @ns g hgoæ æ vkr`kjbg! K lg`kénrn` u`n dfslussìg folnosîvkj.Dkskolndkgu-sk u`n jutn lgrpgrnj, k lg` ns `ks`ns ckrrn`kotns dk trnhnjbg `ntnrn`-sk.Kxñ quk dk jgoik nssfstfu å tudg, kspkrnodg g dkscklbg aî f`nifondg pgr kjk, nprgxf`gu-sk knssu`fu n pgssk dns tkrrns, oìg sk` notks cnzkr u` lg`kotîrfg hk` sninz1

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

^uk ikotk lgocusn quk oìg lgoskiuk rksgjvkr prghjk`n tìg sf`pjks!

JKODN DK KRÑ

Bnvfn u`n rfvnjfdndk kotrk Kxñ k Gxnjî. N`hgs dfslutfn` sghrk n sun suprk`nlfn, gu skan,quk` dktfobn g pgdkr, quk` krn g `nfs notfig, quk` frfn igvkronr.Gxnjî sk skotfodg fosujtndg, durnotk u`n dfsputn lbkfn dk `njàlfns, nr`ndfjbns k kofi`ns,npgdkrn-sk dn lnhnén quk pûk cf` ng pgdkr dk Kxñ, trnoscgr`nodg-g k` `krg skrvfdgr, nqukjk quktrnospgrtn k lgdfcfln ns focgr`néûks k `notá` n jfinéìg kotrk Åfyæ k Gruo!

JKODN DK KRÑ

Kxñ sk`prk cgf g `nfs njkirk k lg`uoflntfvg dk tgdgs gs grfxîs. Gjgruo, qunodg g lrfgu, dkujbk,kotrk gutrns cuoéûks, n dk lg`uoflndgr k kjk`kotg dk jfinéìg kotrk tudg g quk kxfstk. Ugr fssg,ons ckstns quk sk rknjfznvn` og gruo (læu), kjk tglnvn tn`hgrks k lnotnvn, pnrn trnzkr njkirfn knof`néìg n tgdgs.\k`prk cgf nssf`, ntæ quk u` dfn gs grfxîs nlbnrn` quk g sg` dgs tn`hgrks k dgs lèotflgskstnvn` `uftg njtgs, k quk oìg cflnvn hk` tnotn niftnéìg.Kotìg, kjks pkdfrn` n Kxñ, quk pnrnssk lg` nqukjn ntfvfdndk hnrujbkotn, pnrn quk n pnzvgjtnssk n rkfonr.Nssf` cgf ckftg, k Kxñ ouoln `nfs tglgu skus tn`hgrks, rkspkftnodg n vgotndk dk tgdgs.[` hkjg dfn, ou`n dkssns ckstns, gs grfxîs lg`kénrn` n skotfr cnjtn dn njkirfn quk n `ñsfln trnzfn. Nslkrf`ôofns cflnvn` `uftg `nfs hgoftns ng sg` dgs tn`hgrks.Ogvn`kotk, kjks sk rkuofrn` k rksgjvkrn` pkdfr n Kxñ quk vgjtnssk n nof`nr ns ckstns, pgfskjns kstnvn` `uftg sk` vfdn.Kxñ okigu-sk n cnzá-jg, pgfs bnvfn cflndg `uftg gckodfdg qunodg sun nof`néìg cgrn lkosurndn,`ns prg`ktku quk dnrfn kssn cuoéìg pnrn n prf`kfrn pkssgn quk kolgotrnssk.Jgig npnrklku u` bg`k`, dk og`k Gino. Kxñ lgocfgu-jbk n `fssìg dk tglnr tn`hgrks kkotgnr lèotflgs pnrn nof`nr tgdns ns ckstfvfdndks dgs grfxîs. K, dnqukjk dfn k` dfnotk, gs bg`kos qukkxkrlkssk` kssk lnrig skrfn` rkspkftndgs lg`g vkrdndkfrgs pnfs k dkog`fondgs Ginos.

GI[O

Æ lgosfdkrndg g ñjtf`g cfjbg dk Gduduwî, lrfndgr dgs skrks. Giuo æ g Dkus dn nirflujturn k dgckrrg, æ rkspgosîvkj pgr tudg quk n bu`nofdndk dkskovgjvk okssks sktgrks.Kstk Grfxî æ `uftg pgdkrgsg, iukrrkfrg fovkolàvkj. Giuo oìg tk` sg`kotk g jndg iukrrkfrg, ætn`hæ` n`fig k lg`pnobkfrg dg bg`k`. Æ jàdkr auotg lg` Kxñ, pnrtflfpnodg dns `udnoéns sglfnfspgjàtflns k klgoô`flns.Gs cfjbgs dkssk Grfxî tk` u`n kxfstáolfn `nrlndn pkjg trnhnjbg.Ukrsgonjfdndk1 F`pktugsg= iukrrkfrg= nutgrftîrfg= ntæ lkrtg pgotg gpgrtuofstn= vfgjkotg= oìgpkrdgn nrrginotks= utfjfzn` n crnoqukzn pnrn `kjfodrnr gs gutrgs. G sku jndg pgsftfvg æ n lnutkjn=bgspftnjfdndk= naudn tgdgs sk` dfstfoéìg= oìg ks`grklk` cnlfj`kotk= dìg lg` ikokrgsfdndk k skrvk`k` kspklfnj nqukjks dk quk` igstn`.Giuo æ cfjbg dk Gduduwî k Fk`goaî.UNÜ1 9 hntfdns å dfrkftn, 9 hntfdns å ksqukrdn, > å crkotk, > ntrîs k ns trás dk rkvkráolfn og ndghnjk.DFN1 Tkrén-ckfrnLGX1 Nzuj-@nrfobg, vkrdk k hrnolg.NOF@NF\ UNXN \NLXFCÀLFG1 Injg, hgdk, k` rnrgs lnsgs g hgf k g lnlbgrrg.@KTNJ1 Ckrrg.\À@HGJG\1 Ckrrn`kotns, kspndn, jnoén, cgflk, cnln, koxndn, pî, njflntk, ktl...\uns rgupns sìg lghkrtns dk `nrfô.G grfxî Giuo æ u` dgs `nfs n`ndgs on lujturn fgruhn. K` prf`kfrg juinr pgrquk kjk cgf g prf`kfrgckrrkfrg. Lg`g cgf kjk, tn`hæ`, quk` dkslghrfu n cuodféìg k fovkotgu tgdns ns ckrrn`kotns qukkxfstk`. Ugrtnotg æ g pntrgog dn tklogjgifn k dn prüprfn lujturn, pgfs sk` ns ckrrn`kotns ondn `nfspgdkrfn skr fovkotndg ntæ `ks`g pjnotnr k` irnodks kxtkosûks skrfn kxtrk`n`kotk dfcàlfj.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Tkodg fovkotndg ns ckrrn`kotns, lg` n cgflk kjk nhrfu gs prf`kfrgs ln`fobgs pnrn g rkstg dg `uodg, g qukdî n kjk g pgdkr dk nhrf-jgs gu cklbn-jgs. Lg` n cnln kjk ckz g prf`kfrg snlrfcàlfg rftunj, pgr fssg sk`prksk jguvn Giu` durnotk kstks snlrfcàlfgs k sun fovkoéìg dn cnln. Lg` g nolfobg kjk nrgu tkrrns kpjnotgu, lg` n tksgurn lgrtgu pkjks k fovkotgu gs nhrfigs. Lg` g `nlbndg lgrtgu îrvgrks pnrnlgostrufr nhrfigs, lg` g `nrtkjg pgdk uofr lg` prkigs quk fovkotgu, gs trgolgs. Lg` n luobn pgdkjkvnotnr irnodks pksgs k nssf` nlgotklku dk Giu`, lg` n kspndn quk cgragu, iukrrknr k lgoqufstnrtkrrftürfgs pnrn sku pgvg. Kjk, og kotnotg, oìg qufs skr rkf, pgfs prkckrfn gs dksncfgs ng pgdkr.Lgotfougu jutnodg k fovkotnodg pnrn sk`prk. Bgak k` dfn dfz-sk quk gs lg`putndgrks sng dk Giuo kdk Giuo sng tn`hæ` tgdgs gs nonjfstns dk sfstk`ns.Giuo sü lg`ktku u` krrg ogs `ftgs, qunodg sku pnf `nodgu quk cfzkssk u`n tnrkcn k kjk pkjgln`fobg k`hkhkdgu-sk lg` vfobg dk pnj`kfrn k nlnhgu oìg rknjfznodg g quk dkvfn. N pnrtfr dnà ouolnhkhku, `ns dfz-sk quk gs cfjbgs dk Giuo ndgrn` vfobg hrnolg k dkvk` tg`nr `uftg lufdndg lg`hkhfdns.N iukrrn æ dk Giuo, luag og`k sfiofcfln kxntn`kotk iukrrn. Lg`g Giuo ouoln sk lnosn dk jutnr,lgstu`n-sk lbn`nr pgr sun naudn k` sftunéûks k` quk æ kxtrk`n`kotk dfcàlfj lgotfounr jutnodg guqunodg g fof`fig æ kxtrk`n`kotk cgrtk. Oìg sk dkvk fovglnr Giuo n tgn, pgfs sku iáofg ækxtrk`n`kotk vfgjkotg k dfz u` grfmf quk kjk `ntn g foaustg k g austg, g jndrìg k g dgog dn lnsnrguhndn (pgrquk pkr`ftfu quk nlgotklkssk) pgrtnotg oìg sk dkvk hrfolnr lg` kstk grfxî, quk oìgpkrdgn.Giuo vfvk sgzfobg= æ u` sgjtkfrìg lgovfltg. Tkvk `uftns `ujbkrks `ns oìg vfvk lg` okobu`n, k lrfguu` cfjbg ndgtfvg nhnodgondg ons `ìgs dkjk pgr Fnosì, n dkusn dgs vkotgs k rnfgs quk pgr sun vkz gbnvfn ndgtndg dk Gxu`, n dkusn dg n`gr k dn rfqukzn [` dgs `ftgs sghrk kjk dfz quk Giu`, æ cfjbgdk Fk`noaî lg` Gdudun. Dksdk lrfnoén aî krn dkstk`fdg, f`pktugsg, nrrgandg k vfrfj, tkodg sk tgrondgsk`prk `nfs k `nfs u` hrfjbnotk iukrrkfrg k lgoqufstndg, pnrn sku pnf, `uftgs rkfogs, oìg bnvkodg,pgr kstn rnzìg, u` sü ln`fobg quk Giu` oìg tkobn pkrlgrrfdg. Ogs fotkrvnjgs kotrk ns iukrrns k nslgoqufstns, Giu` lrfgu gs `ktnfs, n cgran k ns ckrrn`kotns quk cnlfjftnrn` n vfdn dgs bg`kos og`uodg. Kjk cgragu n prf`kfrn cnln, n prf`kfrn pgotn dk jnoén, n prf`kfrn kspndn, n prf`kfrn tksgurn.[` fr`ìg dkdflndg, dfz g `ftg quk Giu` tfobn pgr Gxüssf u`n nckféìg `uftg kspklfnj, dkckodkodg-gvîrfns vkzks dk skus fof`figs k pnssnodg `ks`g n `grnr cgrn dk lnsn lg` Gxüssf, qunodg kstk cgfkxpujsg dk lnsn pgr Fk`noaî.Dfz nfodn g `ftg quk cgf Giu` quk` kosfogu Gxüssf n dkckodkr-sk, n lnénr k n nhrfr skus prüprfgsln`fobgs ons `ntns godk rkfon. Giu` tkvk `uftns `ujbkrks, n prfolfpnj dkjns Fnosì, iukrrkfrn lg`gkjk. Tkodg sfdg rguhndn pgr Rnoiô, quk æ sku fr`ìg pgr pnrtk dk `ìk, Giu` pnssgu n vfvkr sgzfobg,pnrn n iukrrn k n `ktnjurifn.Dfn1 tkrén-ckfrnOñ`krg1 9Lgr1 nzuj lghnjtg (gu nzuj ckrrkfrg, lg`g lbn`n` njiuos) N lgr kxntn æ g nzuj dn lbn`n dg cgig.\à`hgjg1 kspndnLg`fdn1 ckfagndn\nudnéìg1 Giuo Fá!GI[@ (iu`1 "iukrrn")Æ grfxî dns lgotkodns, dkus dn iukrrn. \ku og`k, trnduzfdg pnrn g pgrtuiuás, sfiofcfln jutn, hntnjbn,hrfin. Dfvfodndk `nslujfon fgruhnon, g cfjbg `nfs koæriflg dk Gdöduå, tgrogu-sk rkikotk dn lfdndkdk Fcæ qunodg sku pnf cflgu tk`pgrnrfn`kotk lkig. K` gutrns jkodns cfjbg dk Fk`noaî k fr`ìg `nfsvkjbg dk Kxu k Gxüssf. Ugr kstk ñjtf`g outrk u` kogr`k skotf`kotg, u` n`gr dk fr`ìg vkrdndkfrg.Æ g dkus dg ckrrg, dgs ckrrkfrgs k dk tgdgs quk utfjfzn` kssk `ktnj. Cgrén dn onturkzn quk sk cnzprkskotk ogs `g`kotgs dk f`pnltg k ogs `g`kotgs cgrtks. G snoiuk quk lgrrk og ogssg lgrpg ærkifdg pgr Giu`. Lgosfdkrndg lg`g u` grfxî f`pfkdgsg k lrukj, tk`àvkj iukrrkfrg quk hrfinvn sk`lkssnr lgotrn gs rkfogs vfzfobgs, kjk ntæ pgdk pnssnr kstn f`nik`, `ns tn`hæ` snhk skr dülfj kn`îvkj. Æ n vfdn k` sun pjkoftudk.Gs juinrks lgosnirndgs n Giu` cfln` ng nr jfvrk, on kotrndn dns lnsns k tkrrkfrgs. Ikrnj`kotksìg pkdrns k` cgr`n dk hfigron auotg ås îrvgrks. Giu` æ rkprkskotndg tn`hæ` pgr crnoans dkpnj`kfrn gu dkodkzkfrg dkscfndns lbn`ndns `nrfwg quk pkodurndns ons pgrtns gu anokjns,rkprkskotn` prgtkéìg, lgrtnodg ns `îs focjuáolfns k prgtkikodg lgotrn pkssgns fodkskaîvkfs.G lujtg n Giu` æ hnstnotk dfcuodfdg tnotg og Hrnsfj qunotg on Ofiærfn. \k` sun pkr`fssìg kprgtkéìg, okobu`n ntfvfdndk ñtfj, tnotg og kspnég urhnog lg`g og ln`pg, pgdkrfn skr nprgvkftndn.Dkvk skr fovglndg jgig npüs Kxu skr dkspnlbndg, nhrfodg ln`fobg pnrn gs gutrgs grfxîs.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Lg`g on Îcrfln, kjk æ rkprkskotndg pgr sktk ghaktgs dk ckrrg pkodurndgs k` u`n bnstk dk `ktnj. N f`pgrtèolfndk Giu` vk` dg cntg dk skr kjk u` dgs `nfs notfigs dgs dkusks fgruhîs k, tn`hæ`, k` vfrtudk dksun jfinéìg lg` gs `ktnfs k nqukjks quk gs utfjfzn`.Grfxî ygruhî, lgosfdkrndg rkf dk fcæ, on Ofiærfn.Æ ikokrnj dk gduduwî, prksfdk ns iukrrns k ns jutns. Kxklutn trnhnjbgs `nounfs k` ckrrg, `ndkfrn,ktl. Æ g lrfndgr dns nr`ns k ckrrn`kotns.Kjk ikrnj`kotk æ nsskotndg pkjg jndg dk cgrn, igstn dk cflnr rgdknodg dk îrvgrks, lg`g VFGHÆ,pkrkiuo, sun îrvgrk dk `nfgr cuodn`kotg, æ VFQFKKG[, pæ dk anln. @ujbkr oìg dkvk lbkinr pkrtg.G dkus iukrrkfrg dk pkrsgonjfdndk fostîvkj, cfjbg dk Vk`noaî lg` Gxnjî. Og n`gr kstk sgjdndg æskosunj k nlgolbkinotk. On iukrrn, æ curfgsg k vfointfvg. Kxpkrfkotk ckrrkfrg, utfjfzn-sk dk skuslgobklf`kotgs pnrn dkckodkr gs cfjbgs. N`notk folgotkstîvkj, oìg dfspkosn u`n hgn pkjkan. Tgdgsnqukjks quk sk utfjfzn` dg ckrrg pnrn trnhnjbnr, dg `ktnjñriflg ng lfrurifìg, pnssnodg pkjg néguiukfrgk g nirflujtgr, kstìg sgh sun prgtkéìg. \kus cfjbgs lgstu`n` ndgrnr kstnr lg` gs n`figs,trnoscgr`nodg n rgtfon dg dfn-n-dfn. Unrklk` hrfsns dk tìg sunvks, `ns, ng `kogr sfonj dk lgocjftg,kxpjgdk` ou`n cñrfn dkvnstndgrn. \un crnoqukzn æ dkslgolkrtnotk k n lurfgsfdndk, fdk`. Nhg`fon` ndkrrgtn k g pkrdìg, prkckrfodg u` irftg dk iukrrn vftgrfgsg.Giño lnén k fovkotn nr`ns. Dkvk-sk tkr sk`prk n skus pæs u`n lnhnén vfrndn, pgfs, sk kjk oìgkolgotrî-jn, cfln okrvgsg. G cgig k g snoiuk sf`hgjfzn` n rnfvn k g dkskag dk iukrrknr. Kjk tkvk vîrfnskspgsns1 Gxño, Ghî k Gyn, n `nfs f`pgrtnotk cgf KJK\V GRÑO GXFV, nqukjn quk pfotnvn sun lnhkénlg` püs hrnolgs k vkr`kjbgs.\un rkprkskotnéìg æ ckftn pgr sktk, quntgrzk gu vfotk k u`n ckrrn`kotns dk ckrrg, lg`g pgr kxk`pjg1`nrtkjg, cgflk, nolfobg, koxndn, cnlìg, ktl.Gs lujtgs dk Kxñ k Giño sìg `uftg pnrklfdgs.Giño njf`kotn-sk dk ckfagndn, fobn`k, xfoxf` dk injfobn.Giño rklkhku vîrfgs og`ks, pkjns njdkfns k lfdndks pgr godk pnssnvn, GIÑO HKOFO, GIÑO DNVG,GIÑO CKOÎO, GIÑO MN[NOÎ= quk oìg sìg qunjfdndks k sf` tàtujgs.

^[NJFDNDK\

GIÑO @KOÆ “ Æ u` agvk` iukrrkfrg. Skstk-sk dk vkrdk, hrnolg k n`nrkjg. Lg`k lg` Gxnjî k tk`irnodk cuodn`kotg lg` Vk`noaî.GIÑO @KAK1 \krfn g `nfs vkjbg, n rnfz dk tgdgs. Æ u` Giño lg`pjktg. Lg`k ogs lk`ftærfgs.\gjtkfrìg, rnozfozn k `uftg snoiufoîrfg. \uns lgrks sìg g vkrdk ljnrg k g vkr`kjbg ljnrg.GIÑOAÎ1 Æ g Grfxî dn lnsn dk Gxnjî, g irnodk iukrrkfrg hrnolg. Lg`g tgdg Giño, lg`k fobn`k, tk`tk`pkrn`kotg rnhuikotg k sgjftîrfg. K` skus nsskotn`kotgs jkvn Gxño k Yîaf. Oìg sk prgouolfn skuog`k k` vìg k ok` å ogftk. Skstk hrnolg k tn`hæ`, g vkrdk, suns lgotns sìg vkrdk-ljnrg. Lghrk-skdk `nrfwg.GIÑO RGXG^[K1 Æ u` Grfxî dk Akak, u` tfpg `uftg pkrfigsg. Dfzk` quk cgf n`njdfégndg pgr sku pnfk sun `ìk. Lgotn å jkodn quk u` vujlìg kotrgu k` krupéìg k RGXG^[K pujgu dk dkotrg dkjk, k`cgr`n dk cgig. Æ g skobgr dn ogftk, vfvk ogs lnotgs dns kolruzfjbndns, lnstfinodg gs quk pgr njfpnssn` k prgcnon` ns gckrkodns njf lgjglndns. Æ g Grfxî dn vfoinoén, pgfs, sku tk`pkrn`kotg æ `uftgcgrtk. Tk` quk skr ckftg og dg`àofg dg pnf, SFJN @NS[@HK, k n`hgs og dg`àofg dn `ìk, NUNODÎ.Cnz-sk g Kxñ, kslrnvfzndg pgr Giño, tkodg quk nsskotnr Gxño. Oìg pgdk skr ckftg dkotrg dg hnrrnlìg.Tudg æ dupjg, ntæ g ^[KJÁ. \ìg dgfs nsskotn`kotgs, u` dk Kxñ, sk` `nssn k gutrg dk Giño, lg``nssn, sghrk g Kxñ. Dnoén-sk pnrn Kxñ, Giño k Gxño.GIÑO YNXF1 Ckftflkfrg, cfln ng jndg dg Fihnjæ, g sku nsskotn`kotg. Æ vkjbg, niftndg, vfgjkotg,f`pjnlîvkj. \un hkhfdn æ n lnlbnén. Lg`k lnrok lrun. Og sku nsskotn`kotg tk` duns tàhfns, > lrèofgk tkrrn dk lk`ftærfg. G nsskotn`kotg æ on `ntn k cfln k` juinr njtg.GIÑO KJKHKDÆ1 Nsskotn`kotg tgdg k` ckrrg (`fof gcflfon dk ckrrkfrg). Kstk Giño æ g `nrfdg dkVk`noaî Giñoftî k g pnf dk Nmkmg. Æ g `nfs vkjbg, trnhnjbndgr, kxfikotk k rnhuikotg. Skstk-sk dknzuj nrrgxkndg k g vkr`kjbg. Lgotns fiunfs å rgupn. Lg`k lg` Kxñ k Vk`noaî.GIÑO NMGXG1 Fr`ìg dk Gxgssf k jfindg å cjgrkstn. Æ fovglndg og Undá. Æ cfjbg dk Vk`noaî Giñotæ, agvk`, dfoè`flg, k`prkkodkdgr, prgtktgr, skiurg, n`fig cfkj k jfindg ng `nu. \ku nsskotn`kotg jkvnvîrfns cgjbns.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

GIÑO NANMÎ1 Fr`ìg `nfs vkjbg dk Rnoiô, lgoqufstgu n lfdndk dk Gyü k dku pnrn sku fr`ìgigvkronr. Tkrfn sfdg g prf`kfrg rkf dk Gyü. Æ nirkssfvg, igstn dk dnr grdk` k skr ghkdklfdg. Iukrrkfrgsnoiufoîrfg, lg`k lnrok lrun. [sn ns lgrks vkr`kjbg, nzuj k n`nrkjg.GIÑO GOFXK1 Urf`kfrg cfjbg dk Gdödön. [sn lgotns vkrdks k vkstk-sk dk vkrdk, Iukrrkfrg f`pujsfvg,vfgjkotg, lgrtndgr dk lnhkén snoiufoîrfg, jfindg n `grtk k ngs notkpnssndgs. @uftg f`pnlfkotk, oìgpkosn notks dk nifr, `ns nlnj`n-sk rîpfdg.GIÑO FIHNIHG1 Gutrg og`k dk Giño Gjgdk. Æ lnéndgr k oìg lg`k nof`nfs lnskfrgs. N`fig klgobklkdgr dgs ln`fobgs lg`g Gxüssf. sk`kjbnotk n Gxüssf. Lg`k, k` skus nsskotn`kotgs, lnén.Jkvn u` Ndk`ntî k sü lg`k ogs ln`fobgs dn `ntn.GIÑO UGUG1 nsskotndg ng jndg dk GxnjîNAØ1 Cfln cgrn dg hnrrnlìg k tg`n lgotn dn pgrtkfrn. Æ g prf`kfrg n skr snudndg. Lg`pnobkfrg dk Kxñ,rgodn ns kolruzfjbndns, lg`kodg lg` Kxñ ons kstrndns. vkstk-sk k tk` lgotns nzuj nrrgxkndg.GOFAÆ1 Æ g Grfxî quk trfturn, lgrtn k prgvgln ckrf`kotgs. Oìg æ nlgoskjbîvkj rnspnr kstk Grfxî k`skus cfjbgs. Skstk g vkrdk kslurg k g vkr`kjbg. Tk` jfinéûks lg` Gyn Vihnjæ.FMGJÎ1 Æ u` Giño sgjftîrfg quk tk` jfinéûks lg` Rgrgquk k Gxnjî. Lg`k Êihào k vkstk-sk dk vkrdkkslurg gu vkr`kjbg. Ndgrn injgs vkr`kjbgs k hgdk dk lbfcrks irnodks.KJK@GOÎ1 @grn ons `ntns k lnén `uftg hk`. Æ `uftg særfg, îspkrg, oìg sk npkinodg n ofoiuæ`, n`ìg skr n sun prüprfn cn`àjfn. Tk` cuodn`kotg lg` Ghnjuná k Kxñ.LGXK\1 nzuj `nrfobg, vkrdk inrrncn (Faksî), n`nrkjg gurg.LG@FDN1 ckfagndn k fobn`k.DFN DN \K@NON1 tkrén-ckfrnDNTN1 >< dk auobgCX[TN\1 `noin, lnaî, ghf, grgihg, lglg.CGJBN\1Unpg dk Ukru (Agmg`fak)@utn`hn (Ncæræ)Kulnjfptg@nrfwg (@nrfwg)Ukrkiu` (Ufpkrkiuo)[`hnñhnKspndn dk Giño (Kwk fdå ørfsî)Xn`n dk jkftk (Ghü)Lg`hgntîFrgmg (Frgmg)Krvn Tgstìg (Krkak)Lbnpæu dk lgurg@nj-`k-qukr-hrnvg (Hnoaømø)Cgjbn dk hflbg (Ætàpüojå)Lnpf` jf`ìgNmgmg (Nmgmg)Jàoiun dk vnln (Koñ` @njñ)

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Lgrdìg dk crndkLnokjn dk @nlndg (Tktkrkiuo)Lnpkhn (Aåb)Cgjbns dk `noin kspndnTnfghn (Kmk Npg)Njcnvnqufobn (Grfrào)Uæ dk pfotgUnrfktîrfn (@noüo)Cgjbn dn Lgstn (Gduoduo)Skolk dk`nodn\ìg Igoénjfobg (Njæmâsê)Lfpü lbu`hg (Njgpkpî)Nhrk ln`fobgKrvn UrntnG`ñ` (Hrkdg)Dnodî dn lgstnHKHFDN\1 îiun dk lglg, njuî, `ku (vfobg dk pnj`n).FJKMÆ1 `fénoins lg` skiuf (nzujìg), nrigjìg dk ckrrg.@KTNJ1 Ckrrg.UNXTK\ DG LGXUG1 @ìgs k lgurg lnhkjudg.\À@HGJG\1 kspndn, cnln, `néì dk ckrrg, cnlìg.\NLKXDGTK\1 Gjøiño.LNXIG\1 Nsøiño (\nlrfcfln), Gjghk (\kobgr dn Cnln)Gtuo GsfGhs.1 G prf`kfrg Nsøiño dg tkrrkfrg tk` quk skr G`g Øiño.TG^[K1 Hrnvuo.\N[DNÉÌG1 Giño Vk (\njvk Giño) Untnmgrf Giño (Æ f`pgrtnotk on lnhkén)Giu` lg`g pkrsgonik` bfstürflg, tkrfn sfdg g cfjbg `nfs vkjbg dk Gdöduå, g cuodndgr dk Fcæ. Krn u`tk`àvkj iukrrkfrg quk hrfinvn sk` lkssnr lgotrn gs rkfogs vfzfobgs. Dkssns kxpkdféûks, kjk trnzfnsk`prk u` rflg kspüjfg k ou`krgsgs kslrnvgs. Iukrrkgu lgotrn n lfdndk dk Nrî k n dkstrufu. \nqukguk dkvnstgu `uftgs gutrgs Kstndgs k npgssgu-sk dn lfdndk dk Frá, `ntgu g rkf, nà fostnjgu sku prüprfgcfjbg og trgog k rkirkssgu ijgrfgsg, usnodg kjk `ks`g g tàtujg dk Goàêræ, "Xkf dk Frá". Ugr rnzûks qukfiogrn`gs, Giu` ouoln tkvk g dfrkftg n usnr u`n lgrgn (ndæ), ckftn lg` pkqukons lgotns dk vfdrg kgrondn pgr crnoans dk `fssnoins, dfssf`ujnodg g rgstg, k`hjk`n dk rknjkzn pnrn gs fgruhîs. Cgfnutgrfzndg n usnr npkons u` sf`pjks dfndk`n, lbn`ndg åmørü, k fssg jbk vnjku skr snudndg, ntæ bgak,sgh gs og`k dk Øiño Goàêræ k Øiño Njîåmørü foljusfvk og Ogvg @uodg, tnotg og Hrnsfj lg`g k` Luhn,pkjgs dkslkodkotks dgs fgruhîs trnzfdgs pnrn kssks juinrks.Giu` tkrfn sfdg g `nfs koæriflg dgs cfjbgs dk Gdöduå k cgf kjk quk sk tgrogu g rkikotk dg rkfog dk Fcæqunodg Gdöduå cflgu tk`pgrnrfn`kotk lkig (focgr`néìg pkssgnj dg Üøof(rkf) dk Fcæ k` >646).Giu` dklfdfu, dkpgfs dk ou`krgsgs nogs nuskotk dk Frá, vgjtnr pnrn vfsftnr sku cfjbg (focgr`néìgpkssgnj dg Goàêræ k` >6;8). Fockjfz`kotk, ns pkssgns dn lfdndk lkjkhrnvn`, og dfn dn sun lbkindn,u`n lkrf`ôofn k` quk gs pnrtflfpnotks oìg pgdfn` cnjnr sgh okobu` prktkxtg. Giu` tfobn cg`k kskdk= vfu vîrfgs pgtks dk vfobg dk pnj`n, `ns fiogrnvn quk kstfvkssk` vnzfgs.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Gssnoyfo æ g pntrgog dns cgjbns k dn vkiktnéìg. Lndn cgjbn tk` u`n cfonjfdndk prüprfn dkotrg dg Lujtgngs Grfxîs k qunodg nssglfndns tk` pgdkrks `îiflgs k `kdflfonfs1 ‚MG \F ÂYÆ, MG \F GXÊ\Î‐ (\k`cgjbns oìg bî Grfxî).\k` Kxñ k Gssnoyfo oìg Lnodg`hjæ.Ou` tkrrkfrg sü pgdk bnvkr u` G`g Gssnoyfo (foflfndg), k`hgrn pgssn, sk` prghjk`ns, tkr vîrfgsnhfnos, luag Grfxî prfolfpnj skan Gssnoyfo.Gssnoyfo æ nlg`pnobndg pkjg sku prfolfpnj Kxu \nsnokaf k g kolnotndg Nrgof, luans lnrnltkràstflns,tnotg dkssk lg`g dnqukjk pnssn`gs n dkslrkvkr1 — Kxu \nsnokaf1 Tk` u`n pkron sü k u` gjbg æ lghkrtg lg` u`n cgjbn, og sku nsskotn`kotg usn-sk1krvns, crutns (lgjbfdns og ln`fobg) k rnàzks `nlkrndns, vfobg `gslntkj, nzkftk dglk, `kj. — Nrgof1 Æ u` noìg (dukodk), usn u` igrrg vkr`kjbg, kockftndg lg` hñzfgs, u` lnlbf`hg dk hnrrg kpujn ou`n pkron sü. N hnsk dk sku nsskotn`kotg æ njigdìg. \uns hkhfdns prkckrfdns sìg1 njuî, îiundk lglg lg` pftndn dk snj. Lg`k injgs hrnolgs, `kj, cu`g dk rgjg (dkscfndg), ktl. Unrn lbn`nr`gsNrgof usn`gs cu`g dk rgjg k` lf`n dk hrnsn k u` gvg qukhrndg.Nrgof æ quk` fotuf g Hnhnjgrfxî n lg`hfonéìg dns cgjbns.Ns cgjbns npnobndns og rkdk`gfobg sìg pnrn Nrgof.Og Fjæ Nxæ Gpg Ncgo aî Gssnoyfo æ `nlbg, aî og Inotgfs æ lujtundg lg` cá`kn k lg`k lnhrn.Unrn lgjbkr`gs cgjbns, on `ntn, dkspnlbn`gs g Kxu dk Gssnoyfo k g dn `ntn.Ns cgjbns sìg lgjbfdns lg` n `ìg dfrkftn k lgjglndns ou`n lnhnén lg` nlnéî dfssgjvfdg on îiun qunjns pkriuotns sìg ckftns n duns lnhnlfobns k suns vgzks pgdkrìg skr guvfdns.Ns lnhnéns tn`hæ` nlgodflfgon` njæ` dk cgjbns, `kj, cu`g dk rgjg k lnlbnén, quk æ u` kjk`kotgpgrtndgr dk `uftg Nxæ.N vgz dk Gssnoyfo æ kstrnobn, pgfs f`ftn g irftg dk u` pîssnrg — NTFGXG.N lgjbkftn dns cjgrks, dkvk` skr ckftns lg` kxtrk`g lufdndg, sk`prk k` juinr skjvnik`, godk nspjnotns lrkslk` jfvrk`kotk, dkvk-sk kstnr k` kstndg dk purkzn pnrn kstn lgjbkftn, nhstkodg-sk dkrkjnéûks skxunfs pkjg `kogs trás dfns prklkdkotks, fodg n cjgrkstn durnotk n `ndruindn sk` dfrfifr npnjnvrn n ofoiuæ`. Tkodg quk dkfxnr og lbìg u`n gckrkodn n Gssnoyfo jgig quk sk lbkiuk ng jglnj.Gssnoyfo usn u`n lnhnén lbn`ndn Fihî-Gssnoyfo. Cu`n k hkhk `kj k pfoin. Kjk æ ckftflkfrg, pgr fstg ærkprkskotndg pgr u` pîssnrg lbn`ndg Kjkyá, quk rksfdk on sun lnhnén.Gssnoyfo kxfstk k` tgdns ns cgjbns, pgr fssg qunodg qukf`n` ns `ntns kjk cfln rkvgjtndg lg` skrbu`nog, quk dkstrüf n cgrén dn onturkzn, quk æ n lurn dk tgdns ns dgkoéns quk kxfstk` k quk vìgkxfstfr.

^[NJFDNDK\

FHKOKAF1 Æ g `nfs vkjbg, usn `kj k cnvgs, ktl.FMFOF\K1 [sn lnlbf`hg k cnlìg ofqukjndg gu dk prntn, on snàdn og hnrrnlìg.Gutrns ^unjfdndks1GVOIHG, GOFIHGIHG, ÂYK D[OD[O, ÂYK XFOXFO, ÂYK ÅIHÆLGX1 Skrdk/n`nrkjg gu vkrdk/hrnolg pnrn FhkokafLG@FDN1 “ Kmg, kspfrnjndg, on cgjbn dn lguvk, hnonon, tnfghn gu `n`gon vkr`kjbn. “ N`fyno “ `foinu dk cnrfobn dk nlnéî lg` lnokjn rnjndn k < pftndns dk snj. “ Ghf hrnolg. “ Grgihg. “ @fjbg vkr`kjbg lgzfdg lg` snj. “ Ckfaìg crndfobg k prktg tgrrndg.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

“ @kj purg. “ N`kodgf` tgrrndg sk` lnsln. “ Cnrgcn dk dkodá lg` snj.DFN DN \K@NON1 ^ufotn-ckfrn.DNTN1 ; dk gutuhrg.CX[TN\1 Oìg làtrflns.CGJBN\1Jàoiun dk injfobnCgjbn dk dkodkzkfrg@utn`hnLfpü lbu`hgLnokjn dk `nlnlgKspndn dk GiñoCgjbn dk pnj`kfrnUkrkiuoXn`n dk jkftkKrvn tgstìgUnpfobg dk pkruSnssgurfobn dk rkjüifgUnrfktîrfnKrvn dk pnssnrfobgLnaîHkjdrgkinTnfghnNjcnvnqufobnLnon dg HrkagHrkdg sk` kspfobg@nj-`k-qukr-hrnvgCgjbn dn lgstnHKHFDN\1 Njuî, îiun dk lglg, ikoifhrk, rnpndurn rnjndn k îiun dk lglg, lnlbnén dk njn`hfquk, vfobgtfotg gu hrnolg, `kjnég dk lnon.FJKMÆ1 Skrdk rnandg dk n`nrkjg.@KTNJ1 ckrrg, kstnobg, hrgozk.UNXTK DG LGXUG1 G pkftg dgs pæs, pnrtk dn pkron kotrk g tgrogzkjg k g agkjbg.\À@HGJG1 Bnstk lg` cgjbns k u` pîssnrg åtfürø.\NLKXDGTK1 Gjgsnfyo.LNXIG\1 \nrnpkhk “ bg`k` quk lg`uofln g glgrrfdg dk u` kihk, rkjnéûks pñhjflns.Håhîjørfsî/Êyîjørfsî.Hnhnjgsnfyo.TG^[K1 Fakxî.\N[DNÉÌG1 Âwk Âwk NsîGssnofyo gu Gssnfo (lg`g sk kslrkvk bnhftunj`kotk) æ g dkus dns krvns. Lg`nodn ns cgjbns, ns`kdflfonfs, ns jftñriflns, æ g `kstrk dg `ntg. \k` kjk okobu`n lkrf`ôofn æ pgssàvkj. [sn pfjìg, vkstkvkrdk, sun ckrrn`kotn tk` sktk pgotns, u`n dns qunfs og lkotrg lg` u` pîssnrg og njtg. Hgdk k injgsìg suns lg`fdns prkdfjktns= sun snudnéìg1 Kwá ô! `uftns vázks æ rkprkskotndg lg` u`n ñofln pkron.Trntn-sk dk u` dgs Grfxîs `nfs f`pgrtnotks.

G\\NFO, G \KOBGX DN\ CGJBN\

Gssnfo rklkhkrn dk Gjgdu`nræ g skirkdg dns cgjbns.Kjk snhfn quk njiu`ns dkjns trnzfn` n lnj`n gu g vfigr.Gutrns, n sgrtk, n ijürfn, ns bgorns gu nfodn, n `fsærfn, ns dgkoéns k gs nlfdkotk.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Gs gutrgs grfxîs oìg tfobn` pgdkr sghrk okobu`n pjnotn.Kjks dkpkodfn` dk Gssnfo pnrn `notkr sun snñdk gu pnrn g sulkssg dk suns foflfntfvns.Rnoiô, luag tk`pkrn`kotg æ f`pnlfkotk, iukrrkfrg k f`pktugsg, frrftndg pgr kstn dksvnotnik`, usgudk u` nrdfj pnrn tkotnr usurpnr n Gssnfo n prgprfkdndk dns cgjbns.Cnjgu dgs pjnogs å sun kspgsn Fnosì, n skobgrn dgs vkotgs.Kxpjflgu-jbk quk, k` lkrtgs dfns, Gssnfo pkodurnvn, ou` injbg dk Frgmg, u`n lnhnén lgotkodg sunscgjbns `nfs pgdkrgsns."Dkskolndkfk u`n tk`pkstndk hk` cgrtk ou` dkssks dfns", dfssk-jbk Rnoiô.Fnosì nlkftgu n `fssìg lg` `uftg igstg.G vkotg sgprgu n irnodks rnandns, jkvnodg g tkjbndg dns lnsns, nrrnolnodg îrvgrks, qukhrnodg tudgpgr godk pnssnvn k, g cf` dkskandg, sgjtnodg n lnhnén dg injbg godk kstnvn pkodurndn.N lnhnén rgjgu pnrn jgoik k tgdns ns cgjbns vgnrn`.Gs grfxîs sk npgdkrnrn` dk tgdns.Lndn u` tgrogu-sk dgog dk njiu`ns dkjns, `ns Gssnfo pkr`noklku skobgr dg skirkdg dk sunsvfrtudks k dns pnjnvrns quk dkvk` skr prgouolfndns pnrn prgvglnr sun néìg.K, nssf`, lgotfougu n rkfonr sghrk ns pjnotns lg`g skobgr nhsgjutg.Irnéns ng pgdkr (nxæ) quk pgssuf sghrk kjns.

NX^[ÆTFUG

G nrquætfpg dk Gssnfo æ dns pkssgns dk lnrîtkr kqufjfhrndg, lnpnzks dk lgotrgjnr skus skotf`kotgs kk`géûks. Dnqukjns quk oìg dkfxn` suns sf`pntfns k notfpntfns fotkrvfrk` ons suns dklfsûks gufocjukolfnrk` ns suns gpfofûks sghrk pkssgns k nlgotklf`kotgs. Æ g nrquætfpg dgs fodfvàdugs luankxtrngrdfoîrfn rkskrvn dk kokrifn lrfndgrn k rksfstáolfn pnssfvn naudn-gs n ntfoifr gs ghaktfvgs qukcfxnrn`. Dnqukjks quk oìg tá` u`n lgolkpéìg kstrftn k u` skotfdg lgovkolfgonj dk `grnj k dn austfén. Kocf`, dnqukjns pkssgns luags aujin`kotgs sghrk gs bg`kos k ns lgfsns sìg `kogs cuodndgssghrk ns ogéûks dk hk` k dk `nj dg quk sghrk ns dk kcflfáolfn.

K\\NHN\ DK G\\NOBK1

Tgdns ns cgjbns, pgræ` dkvk-sk usn-jns lg` lufdndg pgfs lndn u`n tk` u`n cfonjfdndkkspklàcfln.\ìg igoénjfobgIgrghfobnJfoiun-dk-injfobn “ InoulôUnpfobg-dk-pkru “ Tgju-tgjuCgjbn dk okvk hrnoln, lnon-dg-hrkag “ Tf`f`Snssgurfobn “ \f`f`-sf`f`

Ø\ÎOVÊO1

^[KHXN-UKDXN= UNTFÜHN= ONXLF\G= @N@GON= I[NHFXN= C[@G= K\UFOBGLBKFXG\G= KXSN SFOTÆ@= DKODKQKFXG= LKJFDÔOFN= LNXXNUNTKFXN= H[LBKFXN= HN[OFJBN-DK-OFL[XF= NXFDNO=N@KODGKFXN= NJKLXF@ DG LN@UG= NMÜMÜ= NJCNSN^[FOBN= @KODGF@= NXGKFXN= HKJDXGKIN= LNOKJN DK @NLNLG=LFUÜ LB[@HG= KXSN DK UN\\NXFOBG= KXSN TG\TÌG. CFRG= AFJÜ= JÎIXF@N DK OG\\N \KOBGXN= JÀOI[N DK INJFOBN=@NJ@K^[KX=@N@GON SKX@KJBN= UFTNOI[KFXN= NJCNSN^[FOBN= UKXKI[O= AK^[FXFTF= A[X[HKHN= GHF= GIHG.

JKODN DK G\\NOBK1

Gssnobk sk`prk vfvku on cjgrkstn dk godk nprkodku g skirkdg dn cgrén dns cgjbns. \kodglgobklkdgr dk tnfs pgdkrks gs Grfxîs sk`prk g prglurnvn`.Rnoiô nlbnvn quk g lgobklf`kotg dk Gssnobk sghrk ns cgjbns dkvkrfn skr uofvkrsnj k oìg njigsklrktg, pgfs lgjglnvn Gssnobk lg`g n irnodk sîhfn dns cjgrkstns.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

G\GOIHG1 Sk` ng hnrrnlìg lg` u`n cjnutn dk gssg, lujtun kiuoiuo.GX[@FON1 Æ dg `ntg, nprklfn nof`nfs skjvnikos.IKODKUK1 Æ dg `ntg, vfgjkotg.GOFUNHG1 Sfgjkotg, nlg`pnobn Giño, vkstk-sk dk nzuj, vkrdk k vkr`kjbg.GDGGMK1 Sfvk ogs `gotks, Gxuo dg jndg, lg`k hgdk lnstrndg.ÅXGJÆ1 Dkus dn lnén, vkstk-sk dk pkjks dk nof`nfs, usn pgjvnrf, lg`k lnroklrun, usn duns lnpnoins, dkhnfxg dg nsskotn`kotg tk` u`nkstrkjn. Æ fovglndg og pndá dk Kxu. Æ gvkrdndkfrg rkf dk Mktu,ns pkssgns dkjk sìg `uftg notfpîtflns, agvk` k rg`èotflg, igstn dk on`grnr,vfvk `frnodg-sk ons îiuns, nprklfnodgsun hkjkzn. Lg`k lg` Giño k Gxño, nprklfn lnrok dk vkndg k æ îifj on nrtk dk lnénr.GDK G\K KYK G[ VHG1 Æ g skobgr dn cjgrkstn, jfindg ns cgjbns k ns Gsgoyào, lg` quk` vfvk ons`ntns. Skstk nzuj ljnrg k usn lnpnlktk qunsk tn`pnodg g sku rgstg.FIHG1 Skjbg, nssglfndg n Gsgoyào. Lujtundg k` Jghu. @nofn dk pkrckféìgVH[NJN@G1 Æ vkjbg k lnéndgr. Lg`k ons îiuns `nfs prgcuodns. Lgotn u` `ftg quk Vhunjn`g æ gvkrdndkfrg pnf dk Jgiuokdæ. Npnfxgondg pgr Gxño k vkodg-n og cuodg dg rfg, kjk ntfrgu-sk ons îiuns`nfs prgcuodn k` husln dk sku n`gr. \un vkstf`kotn æ nzuj lkjkstk, lg`g suns lgotns. Lg`k lg`G`gjñ Nzgnof, usn u` lnpnlktk ckftg dk pnjbn dn lgstn k u` snfgtk dk pnjbn.FOJÆ G[ KXFOJÂ1 Æ g cfjbg qukrfdg dk Gxniufno k Vk`noaî. Skstk-sk dk hrnolg k` bg`konik` nsku pnf. [sn lbnpæu lg` pnj`ns hrnolns k nzufs ljnrg. Æ tìg n`ndg quk Gxniufno usn k` suns lgotnsu`n nzuj ljnrg dk sku cfjbg. Lg`k lg` sku pnf k sun `ìk (tgdgs gs hflbgs) k tk` cuodn`kotg lg`Giño Aî.MGFCÆ1 Oìg sk cnz og Hrnsfj k on Îcrfln, pgfs, `uftgs dk skus cuodn`kotgs kstìg kxtfotgs. \kus kjkftgscfln` u` nog rklgjbfdgs, tg`nodg tgdgs gs dfns g hnobg dns cgjbns. Skstk vkr`kjbg, jkvn on `ìg u`nkspndn k u`n jnoén. Lg`k lg` Gsüoyào k vfvk `uftg kslgodfdg dkotrg dns `ntns, sgzfobg. \unslgotns sìg nzufs ljnrn, usn lnpnoins k hrnlkjktks. [sn u` lnpnlktk quk jbk lghrk tgdg g rgstg.Nsskotn-sk Mgfcæ k cnz-sk Vhg, Vojæ gu Gxño Mnræ= trfotn dfns npüs, cnz-sk tgdn n `ntnoén.GDÆ MNXK1 Æ jfindg ns îiuns k n Gxño, pgræ` gs dgfs oìg sk dìg hk`, pgfs, kxkrlk` ns `ks`nscgréns k cuoéûks. Lg`k lg` Gxño k Gxnjî. [sn nzuj k u` Hnotæ dgurndg. Igstn dk pkotknr-sk, dkpkrcu`k k dk nlnrnaæ. Hg` lnéndgr, `grn sk`prk pkrtg dns cgotks.GDÆ YNY1 Sk` dn grfik` dgs Grfxîs lnéndgrks. Skstk-sk dk nzuj k hrnolg, usn nrlg k cjklbn k gslbfcrks dg tgurg skjvnik`. Lg`k lg` Gxnjî k Rnoiô, pgfs, dfzk` quk kjk ckz sun `grndn dkhnfxg dnin`kjkfrn. Kstî kxtfotg, nsskotn-sk kjk k cnz-sk Nyrî gu Gxño Mnræ.GDÆ YNJÂ1 Æ vkjbg k usn lgotns nzufs kslurg. Æ lgosfdkrndg lg`g rkf on Îcrfln, pgfs, sku lujtg æjfindg dfrktn`kotk å pnotkrn, æ `uftg skvkrg, nustkrg, sgjtkfrìg k oìg igstn dns `ujbkrks, pgfs, nsnlbn lbntns, cnjn` dk`nfs, sìg vnfdgsns k crnlns. Lg`k lg` Kxu k Giño.

JKODN

Lgotn-sk quk u` irnodk lnéndgr kotrgu on `ntn lg` sku cfjbg Jgoiuokdæ, kosfonodgjbkn nrtk dk lnénr k `nokanr g nrlg k n cjklbn, npüs foñ`krns lnéndns, Jgiuo skotgu-sk k`hnfxg dku`n îrvgrk pnrn dkslnoénr. Okssn îrvgrk pgusgu u` pîssnrg k Gxüssf prkpnrgu sun nr`n k ntfrgu.Nlkrtgu k` lbkfg pîssnrg k, tn`hæ`, u`n lgj`æfn dk nhkjbns. Kjns cgrn` lnfr austn`kotk sghrk nlnhkén dk Jgiuokdæ, quk sk` tkr lg`g sk dkckodkr cgf pflndg. Gxgssf vkodg g dkskspkrg dg cfjbg,lgrrku n nludf-jg, skodg `grdfdg vîrfns vkzks. Lgoskiufodg cuifr, dkftgu sku cfjbg k` cgjbns crkslns k,sk` snhkr g quk cnzkr, pôs-sk n lbgrnr. Kfs quk g Grfxî G`gjñ vkodg nqufjg, pnrgu k npfkdgu-sk dgkstndg dk Jgiuokdæ, pgfs, n lrfnoén kstnvn `grrkodg.G`ujñ tfrgu dk sun lnpnoin îiun dk lnon k ikoifhrk, pfjgu k npjflgu sghrk gs ckrf`kotgs, njfvfnodg ns dgrks. Npüs fstg, ckz g `ks`glg` Gxgssf, lurnodg-g lg`pjktn`kotk.Gxgssf kotìg dfssk-jbk1 \kobgr dgs ncjftgs, pgobg g `ku rkfog n skus pæs k tgdn n `fobn lnénquk dnquf pgr dfnotk ku lgoskiuf, lg`krk`gs auotgs. G`ujñ nirndklku k skiufu sku ln`fobg. KotìgGxgssf aurgu quk ouoln `nfs lg`krfn g `kj, pgfs, g `kj g cnrfn jk`hrnr tgdg g sgcrf`kotg sku k dk skucfjbg. Ugr fssg Gxgssf oìg jkvn `kj k Jgiuokdæ æ jkvndg lg` néñlnr `nslnvg k ikoifhrk. Tgdn pkssgndk Jgiuo tk` quk nsskotnr Nzgnof. Tk` quk tkr u` pkdnég dk lgj`æfn pnrn qunodg Jgiuo lbkinr,dkpgfs korgjn-sk ou` `urf` k agin-sk og rfg. Tn`hæ` æ prgfhfdg ngs cfjbgs dk Jgiuo lg`krk`pnj`ftg, càindg dk hgf k lnéns.LGX1 nzuj ljnrg, vkrdk, hrnolg (ås vkzks).

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

LG@FDN1 kwn (ckfaìg crndfobg tgrrndg) dkotrg dk u` ghkrü (pnokjn dk hnrrg “ njiufdî), nxgxü(`fjbg vkr`kjbg lg` cntfns dk lglg) k crutns vnrfndns.DFN DN \K@NON1 qufotn-ckfrn.DNTN1 Lgrpus Lbrfstf (HN), 8< dk nhrfj (\U), 85 dk anokfrg (XA).CX[TN\1 lglg, igfnhn, `noin rgsn, pftnoin, anhutflnhn, kspfin dk `fjbg, irnvfgjn, `n`ìg k jf`ìg.CGJBN\1Anhgrnodf Hrkdg dk snotg Notgofg Lnpf` lnhkjudg\ìg igoénjfobg Krvn lurrnjkfrn Jîirf`ns dk O. \rn.Kspfobg lbkfrgsg Irgskjbn (cgjbns) Dnodî dn LgstnNjklrf` dg ln`pg Uftnoin Nrukfrn@n`fobn dk vnln Xnhg dk tntu LnrrnpflbgNhrk ln`fobg Untlbujf` (cgjbns) LnfénrnNjcnvnln Jàoiun dk vnln Okoñcnr/Igjcg\nfìg Cgjbn dg cgig GrfpkpkFoiî Lnpkhn UkrkiuoNlîlfn aurk`n Anrrfobn Njklrf` lnhgljgHKHFDN\1 îiun dk lglg, njuî, îiun dk lglg lg` néñlnr `nslnvg, îiun lg` néñlnr `nslnvg k`kjnég.FJKMÆ1 ons `ks`ns lgrks.@KTNJ1 hrgozk, `ktnj n`nrkjg, kstnobg (ås vkzks).UNXTK DG LGXUG1 notkhrnég, hrnég, lnhkjg dg lgrpg k puj`ìg.\À@HGJG\1 Gcî, Gdk @ntn, Frumârâ, Gik (8), Npg (lnpnoin).\NLKXDGTK1 GdksfLNXIG\1 qunjqukr, foljusfvk Gaæ.\N[DNÉÌG1 Gmk Nrg!Gxgssf, rkf dk Mktu, `ku pnf k pnf dk `kstrk Lnrfhæ, dk Ikonrg dk Lnrvnjbg k dk Ln`ncku dk Gxgssf, æ\ìg Agrik `ntnodg g drniìg. Dkus dn lnén, dns ñ`fdns cjgrkstns, lg` g gcî(nrlg k cjkxn), nhntk gs anvnjfs, ns ckrns, æ g fovkolàvkj lnéndgr. Xkf Gxgssf, skobgr dg Mktu, rgdkndg dk nof`nfs, usn lnpnoink lbnpæu dk lgurg. Lnrok dk pgrlg, kfs n sun lg`fdn prkckrfdn. Igstn tn`hæ` dk hgdk k injg `ns oìgtgjkrn ckfaìg hrnolg. Lg`k nfodn gagaü, `fjbg lgzfdg lg` pkdnégs dk lôlg. Dnoén lg` gcî k krumkráckftg lg` rnhg dk hgf. \un pnjnvrn dk snudnéìg æ Gmá. Kxfstk` vîrfns qunjfdndks dk Gxgssf1 Gtfo, Fojæk Fhunjn`n.Grfxî pgdkrgsg, kolnotndg dg `nfgr rkspkftg, suns ckstns sìg dk irnodk hkjkzn k gpujáolfn. [`n dkjns, n dns ^unrtfobns dk Gxgssf,og lnodg`hjæ dg Inotgfs, godk rkfon n vkokrnodn @ìk @kofofobn, æ foksquklàvkj kspktîlujg.Fhunjn`n gu Fojæ æ u`n qunjfdndk dk Gxgssf, `nrfdg dk Gxu`. Lg`g gs dk`nfs Gxgssfs æ lnéndgr, rkfdk Mktu, usn gcî(nrlg k cjkxn) k lbnpæu dk lgurg. Lg`k tudg quk æ lnén k sku dfn æ qufotn-ckfrn.[` Gxgssf nzuj, Gtfo! [sn lnpnoin k jnoén. Sfvk og `ntg n lnénr. Lg`k tôdn kspælfk dk lnén `nsigstn `uftg dk hñcnjg.

NX^[ÆTFUG

G nrquætfpg dk Gxüssf æ g dns pkssgns kspkrtns, rîpfdns, sk`prk njkrtn k k` `gvf`kotg. \ìg pkssgnslbkfns dk foflftfvn k sk`prk k` vfns dk ogvns dkslghkrtns gu dk ogvns ntfvfdndks. Tá` g skosg dnrkspgosnhfjfdndk k dgs lufdndgs pnrn lg` n cn`àjfn. \ìg ikokrgsns, bgspftnjkfrns k n`fins dn grdk`,`ns igstn` `uftg dk `udnr dk rksfdáolfn k nlbnr ogvgs `kfgs dk kxfstáolfn k` dktrf`kotg, njiu`nsvkzks, dk u`n vfdn dg`æstfln bnr`gofgsn k lnj`n.

K\\NHN\ DK GRG\\F1

Cgjbn dk FrômgLnokjn dk `nlnlgTnfghnXn`n-dk-jkftkKrvn-tgstìgLfpü-lbu`hgNrgkfrn hrnolnUkrkiuoKrvn pg`hfobg (qukhrn-pkdrn)Ukin-pfotg

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Njklrf` dg ln`pgHrkdg sk` kspfobg “ TktæNjcnvnqufobn “ Grf`-rf`Cgjbn dn lgstn “ Gdño-duoAnrrfobn “ Anlg`faæDnodî dg hrkag “ Frkmá-g`foKspndn dk Giuo “ AuoéîCgjbn dk jgmg “ FrümgCgjbn dk dkodkzkfrg “ @nrfwôLnpf` lnhkjudg “ Fru`-pkrjá`foNmgmgLnon-cftn “ CftfhnUnrfktîrfn “ @gono

^[NJFDNDK\ DK GDÆ1

>. Grâ gu Grâjñæræ8. Fojæ gu Krfojâ, gu nfodn Nik<. Fhönjî`g4. Cnyk`f;. Goduo3. Nsuonrn9. Npnjn2. Nihnodndn6. Gwnjn>5. Musf>>. Fhunouo>8. Gju`kyk><. Nmnohf>4. Njnpndk>;. @utnjn`hg

GDK

NJCNSNLN= NHXK LN@FOBG= NLÎLFN= C[XK@N= NJCNSN^[FOBN=NJCNQK@N DK LNHGLJG= NJKLXF@ DG LN@UG= NJKLXF@= NXN\\N DKLGXGN= NXN\\N DG LN@UG= HXKDG \K@ K\UFOBG= LNX^[KAN= LNONCFTN= LNFÉNXN= LNHKJG DK @FJBG= LNUKHN= LFUÜ LNHGLJG= LNUF@JF@ÌG= LFUÜ LXNSG= LNXXNUFLBG= KXSN L[XXNJKFXN= LG^[KFXG DKFXF= KXSN DK UN\\NXFOBG= IGFNHKFXN= IXG\KJBN= NXX[DN @FÑDN=I[NLG= I[FOÆ= BF\\GUG= FOINQKFXG= @NJSN DG LN@UG= ANLNTFXÌG=JÀOI[N DK SNLN= @NJSNXF\LG= UFTNOINT[HN= UNXFUNXGHN=OFL[XFQKFXG= UKXKI[O= UFTNOI[KFXN= I[NRF@N XG\N= AN\@F@@NOIN= A[X[HKHN= @FJBG= \NFÌG= \ÌG IGOÉNJFOBG= @[XFLF= CGJBNDK HFLBG= JÎIXF@N DK OG\\N \KOBGXN= NJKLXF@ DG LN@UG=NXNÉN.

GRG\\F

Jglnfs dk `nfgr vfhrnéìg dgs grfxîs1 `ntn cklbndnNs lgrks k cjgrks quk sìg rkifdns pkjgs grfxîs1 Skr`kjbn ( Unj`ns)Ns hkhfdns quk sìg rkifdns pkjgs grfxîs1 Sfobg @gslntkjCrutgs k Crutns1 Tgdns ns crutns k crutgs.Njiu`ns dns lg`fdns `nfs lg`uos gckrklfdns ngs Grfxîs1 Lnoafqufobn dk `fjbg vkr`kjbg, lg` pkdnégs pkqukogs dk lglg rkindglg` `kj.@kolfgonrk`gs nquf ns krvns `nfs lgobklfdns og Xfg dk Anokfrg1 Aurk`n, Njcnvnln, Aurk`fobn, Ukjkiu` vkrdk, Lnon dk Hrkag,Lnfénrn, Kulnjfptg.Gs Grfxîs ogr`nj`kotk trnzk` k` skus cfjbgs suns lnrnltkràstflns càsflns k dk lnrîtkr. Nssf`pgdk`gs dfzkr quk gs cfjbgs dkjks1\ìg pkssgns jkvks, foqufktns, fotkrkssn`-sk pgr tudg, pgulg pkrskvkrnotks, fostîvkfs k` suns nckféûks, cnlfj`kotk suikstfgondgs.Gs Grfxîs tá` suns prkckráolfns tn`hæ` qunotg ngs `ktnfs. G ckrrg.Lnjkodîrfg Ckstfvg dn [`hnodn 85 dk anokfrg.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

CGJBN\1Lgjôofn G`fOkin`fon @nlnln@utn`hn Cgjbn dn cgrtuonCgjbn dn lgstn Lnokjn dk `nlnlgHrkdg sk` kspfobg Lntfoin dk `ujntnKrvn dk \notn Juzfn Xn`n dk jkftkCgjbn dk Fgmg JkvnotkHrkdg sk` kspfobg GrfpkpkHKHFDN\1 Îiun dk rfg lg` kssáolfn dk cjgr dk jnrnoakfrn, `kj lg` îiun dk pgég gu lnlbgkfrn, njuî.FJKMÆ1 N`nrkjg gurg, n`nrkjg ljnrg, è`hnr lg` `nrcf`.@KTNJ1 Gurg, jntìg n`nrkjndg, lghrk n`nrkjndg.UNXTK DG LGXUG1 Tgdg g rgstg, g hnfxg vkotrk, g hnég, ås vkzks g lgrnéìg, pntrgon dg vkotrk, ntkrlkfrn vfsìg k n lfrlujnéìg snoiuàokn (gs rfgs).\À@HGJG1 Nhkhæ, Kspndn.\NLKXDGTK1 Fynjgsuo gu N`gjgsuoLNXIG\1 ^unjqukr lnrig.TG^[K1 Fakxî.\N[DNÉÌG1 GXF VK VK G - CF DK XF G @Î (Gpnrî) - Grá Vkyá ô!Gxu` krn `uftg hgoftn, dkoigsn k vnfdgsn. Lg`g g sìg, ikrnj`kotk, ns hkjns `ujbkrks. Kjn igstnvndk pnogs vfstgsgs, `nrrncns dk tnrtnruin k tfobn, sghrktudg, u`n irnodk pnfxìg pkjns aüfns dk lghrk.Kstk `ktnj krn `uftg prklfgsg, notfin`kotk, on tkrrn dgs fgruhîs. \à u`n `ujbkr kjkinotk pgssuàn aüfns dk lghrk pksndns. Gxu` krn ljfkotk dgs lg`krlfnotks dk lghrk.G`frg wnorno wnorno wnorno g`f rg!"N îiun lgrrk cnzkodg g ruàdg dgs hrnlkjktks dk Gxu`!"Gxu` jnvnvn suns aüfns, notks `ks`g dk jnvnr suns lrfnoéns. @ns tk`, kotrktnotg, n rkputnéìg dk skru`n hgn `ìk k ntkodk ås sñpjflns dns `ujbkrks quk dkskan` tkr cfjbgs. Gxu` cgf n skiuodn `ujbkr dkRnoiô. N prf`kfrn lbn`nvn-sk Gfî-Fnosì k n tkrlkfrn Ghî.Gxu` tk` g bu`gr lnprflbgsg k `utîvkj. Njiuos dfns, suns îiuns lgrrk` nprnzàvkfs k lnj`ns, kjnsdksjfzn` lg` irnén, crkslns k jà`pfdns, kotrk `nrikos lghkrtns dk hrfjbnotk vkiktnéìg. Ou`krgsgsvìgs pkr`ftk` ntrnvkssnr dk u` jndg n gutrg.Gutrns vkzks suns îiuns, tu`ujtundns, pnssn` kstrgodnodg, lbkfns dk lgrrkotkzns k tgrvkjfobgs,trnoshgrdnodg k fouodnodg ln`pgs k cjgrkstns. Ofoiuæ` pgdkrfn ntrnvkssnr dk u`n `nrik` å gutrn,pgfs pgotk okobu`n ns jfinvn. Gxu` oìg tgjkrnrfn u`n tnj gusndfn! ^unodg kjn kstî k` cñrfn, kjn jkvnpnrn jgoik k dkstrüf ns lnogns quk tkotn` ntrnvkssnr g rfg.Gjgwu, g rkf dk Gwu, skiufdg dk sku kxærlftg, fn pnrn n ikrrn. Ugr fockjflfdndk, tfobn quk ntrnvkssnr grfg ou` dfn k` quk kstk kstnvn kolgjkrfzndg. Gjgwu ckz n Gxu` u`n prg`kssn sgjkok, kotrktnotg,`nj cgr`ujndn.Kjk dkljnrgu1 " \k vglk hnfxnr g oàvkj dk suns îiuns, pnrn quk ku pgssn ntrnvkssnr k skiufr pnrn niukrrn, k sk ku vgjtnr vkolkdgr, prg`ktg n vglá omno rkrk", fstg æ, hgns lgfns.Gxu` lg`prkkodku quk kjk cnjnvn dk sun `ujbkr, Omno, cfjbn dg rkf dk Fhndno. Kjn Hnfxgu g oàvkj dnsîiuns k Gjgwu lgotfougu sun kxpkdféìg.^unodg kjk vgjtgu, njiu` tk`pg dkpgfs, vftgrfgsg k lg` u` kspüjfg lgosfdkrîvkj, ogvn`kotkkolgotrgu Gxu` lg` g bu`gr pkrturhndg. G rfg kstnvn turhujkotg k lg` suns îiuns niftndns. Gjgwu`nodgu aginr sghrk ns vnins tgdn sgrtk dk hgns lgfsns, ns omno rkrk prg`ktfdns1 tklfdgs, hñzfgs, hgfs,injfobns k kslrnvgs. @kj dk nhkjbns k prntgs dk `ujumuo, fiunrfn godk sunvk`kotk `fsturn`-sklkhgjns, ckfaìg crndfobg, snj k ln`nrûks. @ns Gxu` dkvgjvku tgdns kstns lgfsns hgns sghrk ns`nrikos. Krn Omno, n `ujbkr dk Gjgwu, quk kjn kxfifn. Gjgwu cgf ghrfindg n suh`ktkr-sk k aginr onsîiuns n sun `ujbkr. Omno kstnvn irîvfdn k n lrfnoén onslku og cuodg dg rfg.Gxu`, kslrupujgsn`kotk, dkvgjvku g rklæ`-onslfdg dfzkodg1 "Æ Omno quk `k cgf sgjkok`kotkprg`ktfdn k oìg n lrfnoén. Tg`k-n!". Ns îiuns hnfxnrn` k Gjgwu vgjtgu trfstk`kotk pnrn sun tkrrn.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

G rkf dk Fhndno, snhkodg dg cf` trîiflg dk sun cfjbn, fodfiondg dkljnrgu1 "Oìg cgf pnrn quk kjn skrvfsskdk gckrkodn n u` rfg quk ku n dkf k` lnsn`kotg n Gjgwu!" Kjk iukrrkgu lg` g ikorg k g kxpujsgu dgpnàs.G Xfg Gxu` pnssn k` u` juinr godk suns îiuns sìg sk`prk nhuodnotks. Ugr kstn rnzìg æ quk Jnrô, gprf`kfrg rkf dkstk juinr, nà fostnjgu-sk k ckz u` pnltg dk njfnoén lg` Gxu`. On æpgln k` quk lbkigu,u`n dk suns cfjbns côrn sk hnobnr. G rfg n koigjfu sgh ns îiuns. Kjn sü snfu og dfn skiufotk,sghkrhn`kotk vkstfdn, k dkljnrgu quk Gxu` n bnvfn hk` nlgjbfdg og cuodg dg rfg.Jnrô, pnrn `gstrnr sun irntfdìg, vkfg trnzkr-jbk gckrkodns. Ou`krgsgs pkfxks, `kosnikfrgs dndfvfodndk, vfkrn` lg`kr, k` sfonj dk nlkftnéìg, gs njf`kotgs agindgs ons îiuns. [` irnodk pkfxklbkigu ondnodg ons prgxf`fdndks dg juinr godk kstnvn Jnrô. G pkfxk luspfu îiun, quk Jnrô rklgjbkuou`n lnhnén k hkhku, cnzkodg, nssf`, u` pnltg lg` g rfg. K` skiufdn kjk kstkodku suns `ìgs sghrkn îiun k g irnodk pkfxk snjtgu sghrk kjn.Fstg æ dftg k` fgruhî1 Ntkwg ihn kaî. G quk dku grfik` n Ntngaî, tàtujg dgs rkfs dg juinr.Ntngaî dkljnrgu kotìg1 "Gxu` ihô!""Gxu` kstn k` kstndg dk `nturfdndk, suns îiuns sìg nhuodnotks."Dnodg grfik` ng og`k dn lfdndk dk Gxgihô. Tgdgs gs nogs cnz-sk, nà, irnodks ckstns k`lg`k`grnéìg n tgdgs kstks nlgotklf`kotgs.

NX^[ÆTFUG

G nrquætfpg dk Gxu` æ g dns `ujbkrks irnlfgsns k kjkinotks, lg` pnfxìg pkjns aüfns, pkrcu`ks kvkstf`kotns lnrns. Dns `ujbkrks quk sìg sà`hgjgs dg lbnr`k k dn hkjkzn. Sgjuptugsns k skosunfs,pgræ` `nfs rkskrvndns quk Gfî. Kjns kvftn` lbglnr n gpfofìg pñhjfln, å qunj dìg irnodk f`pgrtèolfn.\gh sun npnráolfn irnlfgsn k skdutgrn kslgodk` u`n vgotndk `uftg cgrtk k u` irnodk dkskag dknslkosìg sglfnj.

K\\NHN\ DK GR[@1

@nlnén HnrgoksnSftürfn ræifnGrfpkpáGaugrôGxfhntîGrfrfSnssgurfobn dk firkanHrkdg sk` kspfobg “ TktæNjcnvnqufobn “ Grf`-rf`Cgjbn dn lgstn “ Gduo-duo@njvn hrnoln “ KcfoHkjdrgkin “ G`f`Lnpkhn “ AîCgjbn dk jgmg “ Frümg@nj`kqukr hrnolg “ UkpkLnokjn dk `nlnlg “TktkræiuoUnrfktîrfn “ @gonoLnaî “ An`foUnpfobg dk pkru “ Tgju-tgju@utn`hn - NckræCgjbn dn cgrtuon “ Kf`-du`du`Xn`n dk jkftk “ GhôIgjcg hrnolg “ G`fo-gañCgjbn dk vfotæ` “ Fjkrfo

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NHFJQKFXG= NI[NUÆ= NJCNSN^[FOBN= N@GX DG LN@UG= NJ[@Ì=HNHG\N= N\\N-UKFRK= NQKDFOBN= HNONOKFXN= HXFJBNOTFON=HK@-@K-^[KX= HKJDXGKIN= LN@NXÎ= LN@G@FJN= KXSN LNUFTÌG=LNOKJN DK @NLNLG= LNUKHN= LFUÜ LB[@HG= LGJGOFN= KXSNLFDXKFXN(@KJF\\N)= SN\\G[XFOBN DK XKJÜIFG= ^[FTGLG=GXFUKUK= @KJF\\N= @NOAKXFLGON= AN@HG= FUÁ N@NXKJG=I[NODG= CGJBN DN CKFTFLKFXN= KXSN-DK-\NOTN @NXFN=LKHGJN= KXSN DK \NOTN J[QFN= CGJBN SFOTÆ@= CGJBN DNLG\TN= IXNSFGJN= ANXXFOBN= @NLNÉN= @ÌK HGN= @NJ@K^[KX=@NJSN HXNOLN= @NOAKXFLÌG= @FJN@K= @[TN@HN= GXFXF=GRFHNTN= UNXFKTÎXFN= XN@N DK JKFTK= TNFGHN HXNOLN= CGJBNDN CGXT[ON= HNXGOK\N= SFTGXFN XKIFN= NJCNQK@N= GXFUKUK.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

GR[@

Jglnfs dk `nfgr vfhrnéìg dgs grfxîs1 lnlbgkfrns k rfgsNs lgrks k cjgrks quk sìg rkifdns pkjgs grfxîs1 Hrnoln k n`nrkjn (Xgsns k Unj`ns)Ns hkhfdns quk sìg rkifdns pkjgs grfxîs1 Lbn`pnobk hrnolnCrutgs k Crutns Hnonon Gurg “ Jnrnoan Jf`n.Njiu`ns dns lg`fdns `nfs lg`uos gckrklfdns ngs Grfxîs1 G`gjglu` “ (Ckfaìg crndfobg lgzfdg on îiun, lg` ln`nrûks rkcgindgs ognzkftk dglk lghkrtg pgr 2 gvgs lgzfdgs).@kolfgonrk`gs nquf ns krvns `nfs lgobklfdns og Xfg dk Anokfrg1 Grfrf, Lgjôofn, pætnjns dk rgsns hrnolns.Gs Grfxîs ogr`nj`kotk trnzk` k` skus cfjbgs suns lnrnltkràstflns càsflns k dk lnrîtkr. Nssf` pgdk`gs dfzkr quk gs cfjbgs dkjks1 \ìgpkssgns vnfdgsns, dk `kfin hkjkzn, jkotns, u` tnotg qunotgprkiufégsns, fotkrkssndns, pgræ` dkslufdndns.Gs Grfxîs tá` suns prkckráolfns tn`hæ` qunotg ngs `ktnfs. G gurg.Lnjkodîrfg Ckstfvg dn [`hnodn 2 dk dkzk`hrg.

^[NJFDNDK\ DK GR[@1

>. Nhnju (n `nfs vkjbn dk tgdns) “ NHNJÔ (lnrrkin giu` æ u`n Fnosì)8. Au`u gu Faf`u (n `ìk dk tgdns, kstrkftn jfinéìg lg` ns Êyî`f)<. Nhgtg gu Gxgihg (ck`fofon k lgquktk, naudn ns `ujbkrks tkrk` cfjbgs)4. Npnrn (n `nfs agvk` k iukrrkfrn);. Naniurn (iukrrkfrn)3. Vkyk Gin (vkjbn k koqufzfjndn)9. Vkyk Uktu2. Vkyk Mnrk (iukrrkfrn)6. Vkyk Gmk (iukrrkfrn)>5. Vkyk Gofrn (iukrrkfrn)>>. Vkyk Gjgmg (vfvk ons cjgrkstns)>8. Vkyk pgodî (kspgsn dk Gxüssf Fhunjn`n, iukrrkfrn k pgrtn u` jkquk)><. Vkyk @krfo gu Fhkrfo (ck`fofon k lgquktk)>4. Vkyk Åyîjî gu Êyîojî (n nvü, quk cgf `ujbkr dk Giu`)>;. Vkyk Jgmuo gu Uøpøjümuo (quk oìg dkslk sghrk n lnhkén dk suns cfjbns)>3. Vkyk Gdg (dgs pkrdûks)

JKODN DK GR[@1

Kstn jkodn lgotn lg`g Gxu` lgoskiufu koinonr Kxñ k nprkodkr n nrtk dk ndfvfobnr.Gxu` pkdfu n sku Unf Gxnjî, quk jbk kosfonssk n nrtk dk ndfvfobnr. Gxnjî dfssk n Gxu` quk süKxñ k Fcî dktfobn` tnj pgdkr.Gxu` prglurgu Kxñ k jbk pkdfu quk n kosfonssk n aginr. Kxñ æ ljnrg, okigu.N agvk` cgf pnrn n cjgrkstn prglurnr Vn`ü Gxgrgoiî, quk nd`frgu-sk dn lgrnik` dk Gxu`,u`n vkz quk ofoiuæ` kotrnvn on cjgrkstn ng kslurklkr. Gxu` kolgotrgu Gxgrgoiî k kstn jbk kosfogun ckftfénrfn pnrn nlnhnr lg` n pgsk dk Kxñ.Gxu` vgjtgu n prglurnr Kxñ, dkstn vkz jkvnodg ns `ìgs lbkfns dk u` pü hrfjbnotk. Gxu`dksncfgu Kxñ n ndfvfobnr g quk bnvfn k` suns `ìgs, qunodg Kxñ gjbgu g pü cflgu lkig pgr njiu`tk`pg, dkfxnodg skus hñzfgs lnàrk`. Gxu` sk ckz dk prkstntfvn k lg`kégu n naudnr Kxñ, dksvkodnodgg agig. Gxu` pkriuotnvn Kxñ1 ‚^unotgs hñzfgs sìg7 ^uk` rkspgodk og prf`kfrg7‐ k nssf` pgr dfnotk.Kxñ cfln frrftndg ng snhkr dn nstñlfn dk Gxu` k prglurn Fcî, quk pgr sun vkz nlbn irnén dnlgrnik` dk Gxu` k dfz n Kxñ quk tkrî quk dfvfdfr skus lgobklf`kotgs lg` Gxu`.

JKODN DK GR[O

Lgotn n jkodn quk Gxnjî, ou`n dk suns ln`fobndns pkjg `uodg, frfn pnssnr pkjn njdkfn dkGxuo, godk prktkodfn pnrnr k dkslnosnr.Kxñ, `kosnikfrg dgs grfxîs, lgrrku pnrn nvfsnr Gxuo quk g irnodk grfxî cuo-cuo kstnvn nln`fobg dk sun lfdndk. Krn prklfsg grinofznr u`n irnodk rklkpéìg, pgfs n vfsftn krn `uftgf`pgrtnotk pnrn tgdgs. Kjn, kotìg, nprkssgu-sk lg` gs prkpnrntfvgs dn ckstn, grdkonodg n jf`pkzn dktgdns ns lnsns k juinrks pñhjflgs dn njdkfn, hk` lg`g quk gs kockftks utfjfzndgs cgssk` dn lgrhrnoln. Gxuo lufdgu pkssgnj`kotk dn gron`kotnéìg k jf`pkzn dk sku pnjîlfg, pgfs tudg tfobn qukkstnr pkrckftg, å njturn dk Gxnjî.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Lg` tnotgs ncnzkrks f`pgrtnotks, k` tìg lurtg kspnég dk tk`pg, Gxuo oìg sk jk`hrgu dklgovfdnr ns Fyn-`f pnrn n irnodk ckstn.Ns ckftflkfrns oìg pkrdgnrn` kssn dksckftn. \kotfodg-sk `uftg dksprkstfifndns, rksgjvkrn`dks`grnjfznr Gxuo pkrnotk gs lgovfdndgs.Og dfn dn lbkindn dk Gxnjî å lfdndk, Gxgrgoiî kotrgu dfscnréndn og pnjîlfg pnrn lgjglnr, ognsskotg dg trgog dn Gxuo, u` prkpnrndg `îiflg, quk oìg cgrn ogtndg pgr ofoiuæ`.Tgdn n lfdndk kstnvn f`pklnvkj`kotk jf`pn k gron`kotndn. G pnjîlfg dk Gxuo, quk cgrnlnprflbgsn`kotk prkpnrndg, tfobn skus `üvkfs k utkosàjfgs lghkrtgs pgr tklfdgs dk u`n njvurnf`nlujndn. Hrnoln tn`hæ` skrfn n lgr dns rgupns utfjfzndns on lkrf`ôofn.Gxnjî cfonj`kotk lbkigu, skodg rkspkftgsn`kotk rkvkrkolfndg ou`n irnodk dk`gostrnéìg dk cæ knd`frnéìg ng irnodk `kosnikfrg dn pnz.Gxuo, skotndn k` sku trgog, kspkrnvn lg` f`pnlfáolfn n kotrndn dk Gxnjî k` sku pnjîlfg,qunodg frfn gckrklkr-jbk sku prüprfg nsskotg. @ns, ng tkotnr jkvnotnr-sk, pkrlkhku quk kstnvn prksnk` sun lndkfrn k, pgr `nfs cgrén quk cfzkssk, oìg lgoskiufn sgjtnr-sk. G kscgrég quk k`prkkodku cgftìg irnodk, quk, `ks`g ckrfdn, lgoskiufu cflnr k` pæ, `ns u`n pgén dk snoiuk bnvfn `nolbndg sunsrgupns k tn`hæ` sun lndkfrn.^unodg Gxnjî vfu nqukjk snoiuk vkr`kjbg og trgog k` quk sk skotnrfn, cflgu tìg lgotrnrfndg,quk snfu f`kdfntn`kotk dg rklfotg, skotfodg-sk `uftg gckodfdg.Gxuo, kovkrigobndn lg` g nlgotklfdg, oìg lgoskiufn kotkodkr pgrquk bnvfn cflndg prksn k`sun prüprfn lndkfrn, u`n vkz quk kjn `ks`n tfobn lufdndg dk tgdgs gs prkpnrntfvgs.Kslgodkodg-sk dk tgdgs, cgf lgosujtnr g grîlujg dk Fcî pnrn ghtkr u` lgoskjbg. G agig, kotìg,jbk rkvkjgu quk Gxgrgoiî bnvfn lgjglndg ckftfég k` sku nsskotg, pgr oìg tkr sfdg lgovfdndn.Kxñ, n pkdfdg dk Gxuo, cgf k` husln dg irnodk pnf, pnrn rkjntnr-jbk g glgrrfdg.Gxnjî rktgrogu ng pnjîlfg, godk n irnodk `ìk dns îiuns kstnvn skotndn dk lnhkén hnfxn, `uftglgostrnoifdn. ^unodg kjn g vfu, lg`kégu n nhnonr sku nhkhk, trnoscgr`nodg g snoiuk dk suns rgupnsk` pkons vkr`kjbns, quk, ng vgnr, lnàrn` sghrk n lnhkén dk tgdgs gs quk njf kstnvn`, foljusfvk n dkGxnjî. K` rklgobklf`kotg ng kscgrég quk kjn k`prkkodku pnrn bg`konikî-jg, kjk nlkftgu nqukjnpkon vkr`kjbn (kmgdfdk), prgstrnodg-sk å sun crkotk, k` sfonj dk nirndklf`kotg.N pnrtfr dk kotìg, kssn pkon cgf fotrgduzfdn ogs rftunfs dk ckfturn dg Lnodg`hjæ.

KYÎ1

Æ n Dkusn dg rfg VKYÎ, jfindn å îiun dglk. Kstî nssglfndn å ckluodnéìg k ås vfrikos. Ons sunsdnoéns kjn hrfoln lg` ns îiuns. N sun `nfs cgrtk lnrnltkràstfln æ skr iukrrkfrn, trîs u`n kspndn, quk æu` dgs skus ghaktgs dk lujtg.UKX\GONJFDNDK1 Lnj`n npnrkotk, dkoigsn, dkjflndn, jutndgrn, vnfdgsn k griujbgsn.UNÜ1 Fiunj dns dk`nfs Fnhîs.\N[DNÉÌG1 ‚Grn Kwî ku!‐.LGXK\1 Skr`kjbg, n`nrkjg, snj`ìg k hrnolg.DFN1 \îhndg@KTNJ1 LghrkCFJFNÉÌG1 Onoì k GxnjîLGX1 N`nrkjg, nzuj, dgurndg k hrnolg.@KTNJ1 Dgurndg\À@HGJG1 Nhæhæ.@uftg pgulg sk snhk ntunj`kotk sghrk Kwî.Kjn æ tn`hæ` cfjbn dk Onoì, k æ vfstn lg`g bgrfzgotk, g kolgotrg dg læu lg` n tkrrn, dg læu lg` g`nr. Kwî rkprkskotn nfodn gutrgs bgrfzgotks, lg`g n fotkrcnlk godk sk tgln` n vfdn k n `grtk, g dfn kn ogftk k gutrgs. Nssf`, tgdns ns trnoscgr`néûks, `udnoéns k ndnptnéûks sng rkifdns pgr kjn.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Kwî æ vfrik`, hkjn k fju`fondn. Npksnr dkstn hkjkzn k dg nssædfg dgs grfxîs `nslujfogs, ouoln qufs sklnsnr, skodg u`n `gén qufktn k fsgjndn, vgjtndn pnrn g lgobklf`kotg dgs skirkdgs dnstrnoscgr`néûks.Onoì, prkglupndn lg` sun cfjbn, pkdfu n Gruo`fjî quk jbk nrrnoanssk u` n`gr, u` lnsn`kotg, `nsKwî dkskanvn vfvkr sgzfobn, dkdflndn å sun tnrkcn dk cnzkr lnfr n ogftk og bgrfzgotk, puxnodg g sgjlg` sku nrpìg.Lg`g Onoì fosfstfssk k` sku lnsn`kotg, Kwî pkdfu naudn n sku fr`ìg Gxu`nrá, g nrlg-àrfs, quk nkslgodku og juinr godk kjk sk nlnhn, pgr trîs dg bgrfzgotk, k Onoì oìg `nfs pôdk njlnoéî-jn. Nssf`,gs dgfs fr`ìgs pnssnrn` n vfvkr auotgs, pnrn sk`prk fontfoiàvkfs. N`hgs rkik` g fotnoiàvkj k Kwîtn`hæ` æ lg`prkkodfdn lg`g n kokrifn quk tgron pgssàvkj g nhnodgog dg lgrpg k n kotrndn dgkspàrftg ou`n ogvn df`kosìg.Og Hrnsfj pgulgs lnodg`hjæs lujtun` Kwî, pgfs dfzk` quk g lgobklf`kotg sghrk ns cgjbns oklkssîrfnsng sku lujtg cgf pkrdfdg durnotk g prglkssg dk nlujturnéìg dgs ncrflnogs kslrnvgs.Dfn dn sk`non1 skiuodn-ckfrnLgr1 vkrdk-`nr k rgsn (g tg` æ g rgsn dg lnfr dn tnrdk)\à`hgjg1 Nrpìg lg` u`n skrpkotk korgjndn, pgr sun jfinéìg lg` Gxu`nrá.Lg`fdn1 hntntn dglk.\nudnéìg1 Xfrrü!

KYÎ

(og`k dk u` rfg ofikrfnog)Æ u` grfxî ck`fofog, dfvfodndk dg lnotg, dns lgfsns njkirks k vfvns. Dgon dk rnrg kolnotg k hkjkzn, kæ lgosfdkrndn lg`g n rnfobn dns `utnéûks, dns trnoscgr`néûks grièoflns k fogrièoflns. Æ g grfxî quktrnoscgr`n n îiun dk sku kstndg jàqufdg pnrn g insgsg, ikrnodg ouvkos k lbuvn.^unodg gjbn`gs pnrn g læu k vk`gs ns ouvkos cgr`nodg cfiurns dk nof`nfs, ghaktgs, pkssgns, njf kstîn `nifn k g kolnotn`kotg dk Kwî, kvgjufodg k dkskobnodg og læu. Æ n dkusn dg quk æ hkjg, dnodglgrks ngs skrks tgronodg-gs vfvgs k hgoftgs. Kstî jfindn lg` n njkirfn, rkikodg lg` Fhkaf g quk sk tk`gu g quk sk skan skr ckjfz. Cfjbn `nfs ogvn dk Onoì, iá`kn dk Gxu`nræ, fr`ì dk Ghnjunfá k Gssnfo.

VKYÅ

Æ u`n \notn dgon dn vfsìg. Æ u` Ørfxî u` pgulg rnrg og Hrnzfj. Kjn igstn quk suns cfjbnsskan` ogvns k vfrikos. ^unodg suns cfjbns lnsn` gu pkrdk` n vfrifodndk, kjns pnssn` n skrndgxöu dn Øxño. @nfs tnrdk, sk kjns sk nhstfvkrk` dg skxg gu cflnrk` vfñvns, Vkwî pnssnrkiá-jns, foljusfvk, n pgssufr suns lnhkéns. Kjn æ lg`g Oåoìo, oìg igstn dk kslgjbkr bg`kospnrn skus kjkftgs, pgdkodg gs `ks`gs skrk` skus Giìos (njnhks k nxgiuos) k gutrnscuoéûks quk oìg skan folgrpgrnr n Dkusn. Æ `uftg n`fin dgs pîssnrgs. Tgdns ns pnrtkshrnolns jbk pkrtkolk, g hrnolg dg nrlg-frfs, gs rnfgs hrnolg dg sgj, n okvk k g jkftk dnscgjbns.Tn`hæ` æ u` Ørfxî dns cjgrkstns k lg`nodn gs nstrgs lg`g g sgj, n jun k ns kstrkjns.VKYÅ qukr dfzkr1 - N skrpkotk nzuj gu n skobgrn dn vfsìg.[sn vkr`kjbg lrfstnj k g n`nrkjg ik`n, trás lgotns vkr`kjbns k duns n`nrkjg ik`n.

^[NJFDNDK\

IKHK[VFOIVXNOG@NAÆKXKYÎJKODNVKYÅ kstnvn n hnobnr-sk k n jnvnr rgupns og rfg qunodg Gruo`fjî npnrklku cuifodg dk Fmñ(n `grtk), rkjntnodg g quk kstnvn nlgotklkodg k n pkdfr quk g kslgodkssk, pgfs kstnvn`uftg ogvg pnrn `grrkr. Kjn ntkodku kslgodku-g sgh u` `gotk dk rgupns quk kstnvn` k`hnfxg dk sun snfn. Fmñ surifu k pkriuotgu-jbk, `ujbkr, vfstk njiuæ` pnssnr nquf7 VKYÅpkriuotgu pgr quk `ujbkr7Fmñ rkspgodku-jbk1 \nhks quk` sgu ku7 VKYÅ fostfinodg n `grtk sk` tk`á-jn dfssk1 skf æsn `grtk. K tu snhks quk` ku sgu7

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

\f`, rkspgodku Fmñ, æs Vkwå n `ujbkr dk Ghnjunwk k kstf`g `kus rkspkftgs. Lg` nrsghkrnog kjn dfssk-jbk1 Sf sf`,njiuæ` pnssgu lgrrkodg pnrn nqukjk jndg, fodflnodg n Fmñ gjndg krrndg, snjvnodg nssf` n vfdn dnqukjk agvk`. Gru`fjî nirndklfdg dku n Vkwå g dg` dnvfdáolfn. Okssk kxntg `g`kotg Vkwå tkvk u` pkosn`kotg k Gru`fjî cnjgu-jbk1 Vkwå tuskrîs `ìk. Krn austn`kotk g quk kjn kstnvn pkosnodg. Kstk krn g `kjbgr prkskotk dndg nkstn irnodk iukrrkfrn.Grfxî dns îiuns, dkusn dg rfg Fkwî. \notn iukrrkfrn, vnjkotk. Xgupns vkr`kjbns, usn kspndn k hrnaîsdk hñzfgs lg` pnjbn dn lgstn. Æ dgs grfxîs `nfs hkjg. Igstn dk pntg, tn`hæ` dk pg`hgs.Vkwn æ n dfvfodndk dg rfg Vkwn. On Hnbfn æ lujtundn sg`kotk k` trás lnsns notfins, dkvfdg ålg`pjkxfdndk dk sku rftunj. Ns ikrnéûks `nfs ogvns oìg lnptnrn` lgobklf`kotgs oklkssîrfgs pnrn nrknjfznéìg dg sku rftunj, dnà sk vkr, lgostnotk`kotk, njiuæ` dfzkr quk ckz u`n ghrfinéìg pnrn Vkwn ,qunodg on rknjfdndk g quk cgf ckftg æ g quk sk cnz ogr`nj`kotk pnrn Gsuo gu Gyn. G dkslgobklf`kotglg`kén lg` ns lgfsns `nfs sf`pjks lg`g n rgupn quk vkstk, ns nr`ns k fosàiofns quk skiurn k gslèotflgs k dnoéns, fssg qunodg oìg dfz quk Vkwn æ n `ks`n lgfsn quk Gsuo, Gyn k Vk`gan.Vkwn usn gcn quk utfjfzn on iukrrn gu on lnén. Og sku rftunj æ f`prkslfodàvkj, dkotrk gutrns lgfsns, gfmg (pnjbn dn lgstn), kxfstk `ks`g u` ksk Fcn dg gdu Gtun`gsuo, quk cnjn dk Vkwn snfodg dk u`ncjgrkstn dk fmg . G sku irnodk kwg (lgfsn prgfhfdn) æ n injfobn. Lgrrk n jkodn kotrk ns lnsnsnotfins dn Hnbfn quk lujtun` Vkwn, quk lkrtn vkz fodg pnrn g rfg jnvnr rgupn, ng nlnhnr, kstkodku-npnrn sklnr. Okssk kspnég vkfg n injfobn k lfslgu, lg` gs pæs, tgdn suakfrn quk sk kolgotrnvn og jglnj,pnrn lf`n dn rgupn jnvndn, tkodg Vkwn quk tgronr n jnvnr tudg dk ogvg. Kornfvklfdn, n`njdféggu ninjfobn, dfzkodg quk dnqukjk dfn k` dfnotk bnvkrfn dk cflnr lg` gs pæs kspnj`ndgs k quk ok` kjnok` skus cfjbgs bnvkrfn` dk lg`á-jn, dnà, durnotk gs rftunfs dk Vkwn, injfobn oìg pnssnr ok` pkjnpgrtn. Skrikr kolgotrgu kssk kwg on Îcrfln k u`n jkodn fdáotfln . On Ofiærfn, Nhf`hgjn puhjflguu` ftno Fcn (bfstürfn dk Fcn), cnjnodg quk dk lnrtn ckftn kstnodg Vkwn å hkfrn dg rfg, lg` u` fihn(in`kjn) lbkfg dk rgupn pnrn jnvnr, nvfstgu dk jgoik u` bg`k` quk vfobn lgrrkodg k` sun dfrkéìg.Krn Fcn quk vfobn kshncgrfdg cuifodg dk fmu (n `grtk). Ukdfodg sku nuxàjfg, Vkwn dkspkagu tgdn rgupnog lbìg, quk sk kolgotrnvn og fihn, k`hgrlgu-g k` lf`n dk Fcn k skotgu-sk. Dnà n pgulg lbkin n`grtk pkriuotnodg sk oìg vfu pnssnr pgr njf u` bg`k` k dnvn n dkslrféìg. Vkwn rkspgodku quk vfu,`ns quk kjk bnvfn dkslfdg rfg nhnfxg k n `grtk skiufu og sku kolnjég. Ng dksnpnrklkr, Fcn snfudkhnfxg dg fihn k Vkwn, jkvgu-n pnrn lnsn, n cf` dk tgronr-sk sun `ujbkr.

K\\NHN\ DK KYÎ1

Tktkræiuo “ Lnon dg hrkagCgjbn dk \notn JuzfnGaugrôÂYÅ\NOIGJGSG ( LNON DG HXKAG )= @KJNOLFN= LNON DG HXKAG=NXXGQFOBG= GA[GXG=

JKODN DK KYÎ1

Kwî krn n kolnrrkindn dk lufdnr dns rgupns dk Gxnjî, ljnrknvn tgdns lg` lufdndg pgfs g dgogkrn kxfikotk. ^unodg kxklutnvn tnj tnrkcn, k` dktkr`fondn glnsfìg, u`n injfobn npnrklku å suncrkotk k Kwî, sk` qukrkr kstrnoiujgu-n, suanodg tgdn rgupn dg \kobgr. Kwî lg` `kdg kslgodku-skdkhnfxg dg `notg dk Gxnjî.Kstn jkodn rkjntn g pgr quk dk Kwî oìg igstnr dk lg`kr injfobn.

GVÎ1

Gyî æ u`n ofocn quk kstî jfindn ås îiuns ntrnvæs dns tk`pkstndks. \kodg n Xnfobn dg Skotg,prgvgln tucûks, curnlûks, k` cf` vîrfgs dnogs nquf on Tkrrn.Æ iukrrkfrn lgrnagsn, rkprkskotn n nirkssfvfdndk.\kiuodg suns jkodns, Gyî tk` dg`àofg dn kspndn, dg ksludg, dn lnén, dg hñcnjg d dgs Kiuos.UNÜ1 G `ks`g dns dk`nfs Fnhîs.LGX1 N`nrkjg, rgsn, vkr`kjbg k hrnolg.NOF@NF\1 Lnén k` ikrnj.\N[DNÉÌG1 ‚Kpnrrkf Gyî! Gyî `ksno gruo!‐.\À@HGJG1 kspndn k g Krý-mkrá.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Dfzk` gs `ftgs quk notks dk lrfnr g bg`k` dg hnrrg, Gxnjî tkotgu lrfî-jg dk nr, dk cgig, dk îiun,pkdrn k `ndkfrn, `ns k` tgdgs gs lnsgs bnvfn dfcflujdndks. G bg`k` dk nr ksvnoklfn= oìg ndqufrfncgr`n. G dk cgig, lgosu`fn-sk, g dk pkdrn krn focjkxàvkj k nssf` pgr dfnotk. Cgf kotìg quk Onoì skgckrklku n Gxnjî, pnrn quk lg` kjn lrfnssk gs bg`kos, f`pgodg, lgotudg, n lgodféìg dk quk qunodgkstks `grrkssk` cgssk` dkvgjvfdgs n kjn.\kodg g hnrrg, Onon kstî sk`prk og prfolfpfg dk tudg, rkjnlfgondn ng nspkltg dn cgr`néìg dnsqukstûks bu`nons , dk u` fodfvàdug k sun kssáolfn.Kjn æ rkjnlfgondn tn`hæ` , crkqúkotk`kotk, ngs nhfs`gs, tg`nodg kotìg g lnrîtkr dg folgoslfkotk,dgs ntnvfs`gs bu`nogs. Onoì tnotg pgdk trnzkr rfqukzns lg`g `fsærfn. Kstî rkjnlfgondn, nfodn, ngusg dns lkrè`flns, `g`kotg k` quk g bg`k` lg`kén n dkskovgjvkr lujturn. \kan lg`g cgr, Onoì æ gprfolàpfg dg skr bu`nog càsflg. K nssf` æ lgosfdkrndn n `nfs vkjbn dns fnhîs (grfxîs ck`fofogs).Dfzk` gs `ftgs quk ouoln cgf hgoftn. \k`prk rnozfozn, fostîvkj, sun npnráolfn ncnstnvn gs bg`kos,quk dkjn tfobn` `kdg.Onoì, tkvk dgfs cfjbgs lg` Gxnjî1 Ghnjunfá k Gxu`nrá (n tkrrn k g nrlg-àrfs) k u`n cfjbn, Kwî, quktkrfn onslfdg dk u`n rkjnéìg kotrk Onoì k Gxüssf, gu nfodn, kotrk Onoì k Gruo`fjî, lgocgr`k g `ftg.Lg`g aî vf`gs ogs `ftgs dk Ghnjunfá k Gxu`nrá, kjn gs ikrgu dkckftugsgs, pgr tkr qukhrndg u`nfotkrdféìg k `notfdg rkjnéûks skxunfs lg` Gxnjî, `nrfdg dk Fk`noaî. Nhnodgogu n n`hgs, quk cgrn`lrfndgs pgr gutrgs grfxîs, k nlnhgu sgzfobn qunodg Kwî, pnrn cuifr dk u` lnsn`kotg quk sun `ìk jbkf`pfoifn, cuifu dk lnsn pnrn `grnr og bgrfzgotk kotrk g læu k g `nr.Njiuos `ftgs dfzk` quk kjn æ tn`hæ` n `ìk dk Fnosì, gs vkotgs, k quk cgf kxpujsn dk lnsn pnrn oìg`ntnr sun `ìk, n jn`n, rkssklnodg-n.Onoì sk`prk kstkvk k` dk`nodn lg` Giu`, quk n`nvn `uftg sun `ìk Fk`noaî, tg`nodg pnrtfdgdkstn on dfsputn quk sk kstnhkjklku kotrk kjns pkjg n`gr dk Gxnjî.Giu` `uftns vkzks tkotgu sk npgdkrnr dgs tkrrftürfgs jn`nlkotgs dk Onoì sk`, og kotnotg, lgoskiufr.Lg`g dfvkrsìg, Giu` igstnvn dk prgvglnr n grfxî, quk kxfifn dk Gxnjî quk kstk cgssk lnstfindg, sk`ouoln tkr lgoskiufdg, pgfs Giu` tfobn cn`n dk austg. Tnotns vkzks Giu` frrftgu Onoì quk kjn oìgrklkhk okobu`n gckrkodn ckftn gu lgrtndn lg` ghaktgs dk `ktnj k `ks`g g snlrfcàlfg dk nof`nfs ckftgk` sun bg`konik` dkvk skr ckftg lg` cnln dk `ndkfrn gu lghkrtn pgr u` pnog.Lgr 1 rgxg gu jfjîsOñ`krg1 >;Lg`fdn1 `gstnrdn\à`hgjg1 fhfrf (lgobklfdg lg`g " vnssgurn dk Onoì, u` fostru`kotg dk pnjbn lg` kjk`kotgs `îiflgsdkotrg, sk`kjbnotk ng usndg pgr Ghnjunfá, lg` n qunj Onon vnrrk n tkrrn)Dfn dn sk`non1 skiuodn-ckfrn\nudnéìg1 \njuhn!ONOÌ (grfifonj`kotk Oæoæ / Onon / Onoì)Onoì, lbn`ndn tn`hæ` Onoì Hurulu, Onoì Huruquá, æ dk grfik` Akak, dn rkifìg dk Dnssn Qu`á k\nvá, og Dng`æ, bgak lgobklfdn lg`g Xkpñhjfln dk Hkofo.N `nfs tk`fdn dk tgdgs gs grfxîs, n `nfs rkspkftndn, n `nfs vkjbn, pgdkrgsn k særfn. Kstî nssglfndn å`ntkrofdndk. Tkrfn g pgdkr dk dnr n vfdn k cgr`n ngs skrks bu`nogs, pgr fssg æ tn`hæ` lgosfdkrndngrfxî dn ckluodnéìg k dgs prf`ürdfgs dn lrfnéìg. Kjn æ n dkusn dgs pèotnogs, dn `grtk (nssglfndn åtkrrn, pnrn godk sg`gs jkvndgs), trnoslkodáolfn.Kotrk g `uodg dgs vfvgs k dgs `grtgs, kxfstk u` pgrtnj. Æ n pnssnik`, n crgotkfrn kotrk n vfdn k n`grtk. \un rkikotk1 Onoì. \kobgrn k ikrndgrn dn `grtk (Fmu).\kus lèotflgs sìg sñpjflns pnrn quk jkvk Fmu pnrn jgoik, pnrn quk n vfdn skan `notfdn. Æ n cgrén dnonturkzn quk g bg`k` `nfs tk`k. Kjn æ skobgrn dn pnssnik` dkstn vfdn pnrn gutrns, lg`nodnodg gpgrtnj `îiflg, n pnssnik` dns df`kosûks.Onoì kstî prkskotk ogs jn`nénfs, pgfs onslku dg lgotntg dn îiun lg` n tkrrn, cgr`nodg n jn`n,dnodg grfik` n sun prüprfn vfdn. On Îcrfln, æ lbn`ndn dk Fofá, k skus nsskotn`kotgs sìg snjpflndgsdk vkr`kjbg. Kjn æ n lbuvn, n inrgn, n tk`pkstndk. G hnobg dk lbuvn æ u`n jnvnik` dg lgrpg og skukjk`kotg= u`n jf`pkzn dk irnodk cgrén, u`n bg`konik` n kstk irnodk grfxî.Onoì æ n `ìk dk Ghnjunfá. Trntgu sk`prk dk sf k dk sku cfjbg dk cgr`n oghrk, ouoln sk `ktkodg guprkglupnodg lg` g quk ns gutrns pkssgns cnzfn` dn prüprfn vfdn. Giu` trnvgu hntnjbn lg` Onoì pkjgdfrkftg dk pnssnr pgr suns tkrrns. Ugr skr u` cgrtk k vnjkotk iukrrkfrg, oìg nd`ftfn k` pkdfr jflkoén nu`n "vkjbn" pnrn kotrnr k` skus dg`àofgs. Dfnotk dgs pkrfigs dg pèotnog k dn frn dk Onoì, cgfghrfindg n hntkr k` rktfrndn tkodg quk nlbnr gutrg ln`fobg, jgoik dns tkrrns dk Onoì. Kstn, pgr sunvkz, nhgjfu g usg dk `ktnfs k` suns tkrrns. K ntæ bgak, ondn pgdk skr ckftg lg` jè`fon dk `ktnj pnrnkjn.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

ONOÌ H[X[^[Á

Onoì æ n dkusn dn `grtk k sku lujtg oìg æ pgpujnr og Hrnsfj. Nfodn bgak bî tk`gr, pgr pnrtk dk njiuossnlkrdgtks, dk foflfnrk` gs G`g Onoì. Urkckrk` foflfnr skus cfjbgs ogs lujtgs dk G`ujñ/Ghnjuná knsskotnr Onoì, pgræ`, n rfigr, oìg sk foflfn bg`kos og lujtg dk onoì, pgr skr g üriìg ikoftnj`nslujfog g `nfgr Kxü dk onon.Onoì nlg`pnobn skus `grtgs ntæ n dksfotkirnéìg tgtnj k kstî sk`prk nlg`pnobndn dk Kiuo,nssk`kjbnodg-sk, okstk lnsg n Gyn.Onoì æ n `nfs vkjbn dns Fynihn, lgosfdkrndn ‚vgvü‐ dgs grfxî. Oìg sk usn cnln dk `ktnj pnrn Onoì.\kiuodg n jkodn æ `ìk dk \g`pgoogo, Gxu`nræ, Ghnjuná k G`gju.Æ u` grfxî hnstnotk lg`pjkxg. rkprkskotn n `k`ürfn trnoslkodkotnj dg skr bu`nog k g nlkrvg dnsrknéûks præ-bfstürflns dk ogssgs notkpnssndgs.Æ u`n dfvfodndk dns îiuns pnrndns k dgs pèotnogs. Xkspgosîvkj pkjn `ntærfn-prf`n (hnrrg) quk dkucgr`n ng prf`kfrg bg`k`, pnrtflfpnodg, nssf`, dn lrfnéìg dg `uodg k dgs skrks.Onoì rkik cfsfln`kotk g kstô`nig, gs fotkstfogs, n `k`ürfn k gs pæs. Tk`fdn pgr tgdgs quk lgobklk`gs skus bîhftgs k lgstu`ks, æ kstk grfxî g rkprkskotnotk dn lgotfoufdndk dn kxfiáolfn bu`non k,pgrtnotg, dn `grtk. Ugr fssg sk dfz1

^[NJFDNDK\

H[X[M[1 N `nfs vkjbn, vkrdndkfrn Dkusn dn @grtn. Skstk-sk dk hrnolg, rgxg gu jfjîs.TFOKJGM[O1 @nfs ogvn, tk` lujtg, qunsk kxtfotg.FIHN1 \ku nsskotg æ ou`n lnhnén.FIHNFVO1 N Dgon dn Tkrrn.FONODFJÆ1 Nssglfndn n Gxu`nræ.MFTF1 Cuodn`kotg lg` Gxu`nræ.FO\KJK1 Lujtg kxtfotg.FVN@FHN\[O1 Lujtg kxtfotg.LGX1 Hrnolg/nzuj `nrfobg, jfjîs gu rgxgLG@FDN1 Nhkrk` (`fjbg tgrrndg k pfjndg dg qunj æ ckftg u` cuhî lg` néñlnr gu `kj), `uiuozîDFN DN \K@NON1 \îhndgDNTN1 83 dk aujbgCGJBN\1 Hrkdg sk` kspfobg, Gxfhntn, Krvn pnssnrfobg k ns dk`nfs cgjbns usndns og Lujtg ngs Grfxî

\îjö hî Onon Hurñmu

Dfvfodndk quk skpnrn gs kspàrftgs Trkvgsgs dn `grtk!FJKMÆ1 Urfolfpnj æ Hrnaî (> hñzfg prn cgrn gutrg prn dkotrg)@KTNJ1 Hrgozk, kstnobg, ckrrgUNXTK\ DG LGXUG1 Urgtkik n hnrrfin, g ñtkrg, n pnrtk ikoftnj ck`fofon, prgtkik ns `ujbkrksikstnotks\À@HGJG\1 Khfrf gu fhfrfTG^[K1 Gpgofaæ “ `nfs jkotg\N[DNÉÌG1 \njuihn Onoì

K\\NHN\1

ÔrfrfCgjbn dn lgstn “ Gduo-duoLnpkhn - AîLnon-dg-hrkag@noakrflìgXn`n dk jkftk - GhôCgjbn dk `gstnrdnIunrnoîUnpgujn rgxnHrkdg sk` kspfobg “ TktæNjcnvnqufobn “ Grf`-rf`Igjcg rkdgodg dk `non` “ KxfhntîAnrrfobn “ Anlg`faæKrvn dk pnssnrfobg “ Ncg`noCgjbn dk okvk hrnoln, lnon-dg-hrkag “ Tf`f`Unrfghn “ Uklujæ

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Tnfghn “ HnjnLnaî “ An`fo@utn`hn “ Nckræ

OÅOÎ

XN@N DK JKFTK= OÅOÎ= \N@N@HNFN= ^[NXK\@N= @NXFN UXKTN=@NONLÎ= @NLNÆ= CGJBN DN LG\TN= LKDXFOBG= HXGTG DK HKFAÌG=NJCNSNLN XGRN= NOIKJF@= N\\N-UKFRK= NSKOLN= HXKDG \K@K\UFOBG= LNON DG HXKAG= LNUKHN= LFUXK\TK= LXFQNOTK@G= KXSN DKUN\\NXFOBG= CGJBN DN CGXT[ON= ANXXFOBN= JÀOI[N DK INJFOBN=@ÌK HGN= @KJÌG DK \ÌG LNKTNOG= @[TN@HN= XN@N DK JKFTK=TNFGHN HXNOLN= TXNSK\LÈOFN ( HXGTG DK CKFAÌG UXKTG )

ONOÌ

Jglnfs dk `nfgr vfhrnéìg dgs grfxîs lbnrlgs, jn`nénj dk lbuvns.Ns lgrks k cjgrks quk sìg rkifdns pkjgs grfxîs1Xuhrn (Xgsns ruhrns)Ns hkhfdns quk sìg rkifdns pkjgs grfxîs1 Lbn`pnobk hrnolnCrutgs k Crutns1@kjìgNjiu`ns dns lg`fdns `nfs lg`uos gckrklfdns ngs Grfxîs1Hkrfoakjn lgzfdn on îiun, rkindn lg` nzkftk dglk.@kolfgonrk`gs nquf ns krvns `nfs lgobklfdns og Xfg dk Anokfrg1Lgjôofn, @nonlî, Cgjbns dk Hkrfoakjn, pætnjns dk rgsns vkr`kjbns (ruhrns).Gs Grfxîs ogr`nj`kotk trnzk` k` skus cfjbgs suns lnrnltkràstflns càsflns k dk lnrîtkr. Nssf`pgdk`gs dfzkr quk gs cfjbgs dkjks1\ìg pkssgns dk kspàrftg vkjbg, rks`uoigons k cklbndns, cnjn` pgulg, u` tnotg qunotg `kjnolüjflns k vfointfvns.Gs Grfxîs tá` suns prkckráolfns tn`hæ` qunotg ngs `ktnfs. G gurg.Lnjkodîrfg Ckstfvg dn [`hnodn 83 dk aujbg.

^[NJFDNDK\ DK ONOÌ1

>.Gjgihg8.Hgrgmuo<. Hfgduo4. Nsnfoîo;. Kjkihk3. \usurk

JKODN DK ONOÌ1

Giu`, f`pktugsg dkshrnvndgr dk ln`fobgs, cgrn vfnanr k` husln dk lgoqufstns k ogvns tkrrnsk ujtrnpnssnodg n cjgrkstn vfu u` pèotnog. Giu` snhfn quk u`n skobgrn `grnvn jî k nlbgu quk skrfncîlfj lgoqufstnr tnj juinr, aujinodg quk pgdkrfn tg`nr ns tkrrns dk u`n vkjbn.Giu` lg`kégu n ntrnvkssnr g pèotnog, k jgig npnrklku Onoì lg` sun vnssgurn k dfssk nGiu` quk pkdfssk jflkoén pnrn pnssnr, pgfs njf tfobn dgog. Giu` rkspgodku lg` `nj-lrfnéìg å Onoì1‚Giu` oìg pkdk jflkoén, tg`n! Giu` kxfik!‐.Onoì sk frrftgu, lg`kégu å grdkon-jg k Giu` tkotgu nlkrtn-jn lg` sun jnoén, pgræ`, Onoìfovglgu ng pèotnog k n jn`n quk suinssk Giu`. Kstk lg`kégu n skr puxndg pkjg pèotnog, tkvk qukjutnr `uftg pnrn sghrkvfvkr k Onoì, koqunotg fssg, nssfstfn lg` irnodk skrkofdndk.Giu` lgoskiuk sk jfhkrtnr, k Onoì g ndvkrtk1‚Oìg lghflk ns lgfsns dgs gutrgs. Ouoln `nfs kotrk sk` pkdfr jflkoén, nquf vglá oìg pnssn`nfs!‐.

JKODN DK ONOÌ1

Gjgruo kovfgu Onono k Gxnjî pnrn vfvkrk` on Tkrrn k lrfnrk` n bu`nofdndk. Gs dgfs cgrn`dgtndgs dk irnodks pgdkrks pnrn dksk`pkobnrk` kssn tnrkcn, `ns sg`kotk Onono tfobn g dg`àofg dgrkfondg dgs kiuos, k iunrdnvn kssks skirkdgs, hk` lg`g g dn ikrnéìg dn vfdn, k` sun lnhnén.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Gxnjî oìg sk lgocgr`nvn lg` kstn sftunéìg, qukrfn pgdkr lg`pnrtfjbnr dkssks skirkdgs.Tkotnvn nirndnr sun lg`pnobkfrn lg` gckrkodns pnrn lgovkolá-jn n rkvkjnr sku lgobklf`kotg.Onono, skotfodg-sk ckjfz lg` ns ntftudks dk Gxnjî, dklfdk `gstrnr-jbk kiuo, `ns npkons kjn krnrklgobklfdn okssk rkfondg.Lkrtn vkz, koqunotg Onono trnhnjbnvn lg` n jn`n, Gxnjî, dfscnrénodg-sk lg` ns rgupns dkjn,cgf vfsftnr kiuo, sk` jbk pkdfr nutgrfznéìg.^unodg Onono, skotfu n cnjtn dk Gxnjî k dk sun prüprfn vkstf`kotn, tkvk lkrtkzn dk quk kjkbnvfn fovndfdg g sku rkfondg, ntrnfégnodg-n irnvk`kotk. Kocurklfdn lg` n dkslghkrtn, rksgjvkucklbnr n pnssnik` dg `uodg prgfhfdg, dkfxnodg Gxnjî prksg.Koqunotg fssg, Gxnjî ln`fobnvn og rkfondg dk Onono, tkotnodg dkslghrfr skus `fstærfgs, `nsnpkons kjn lgoskiufn lg`uoflnr-sk lg` gs kiuos.Kiuo, sk`prk kovgjtg k` skus pnogs lgjgrfdgs, oìg tfobn rgstg, ok` vgz. Gxnjî, usnodg u`pkdnég dk lnrvìg, lrfgu u` rgstg pnrn kjk, lg`g aî bnvfn ckftg lg` gs skrks bu`nogs, k, lg` skusgprg dfvfog, nhrfu-jbk n cnjn. Nssf`, kjk lgoskiufu dksvkodnr gs skirkdgs quk tnotg qukrfn, `ns,qunodg sk dku lgotn, vfu quk oìg lgoskiufn nlbnr n snàdn.Onono oìg snhfn g quk cnzkr, pgr fssg cklbgu n pnssnik` pnrn `notá-jg prksg ntæ kolgotrnru`n cgr`n dk lnstfiî-jg. Lgotgu n Gjgruo sghrk n trnféìg dk Gxnjî, quk oìg nprgvgu n ntftudk dkn`hgs. Onono krrgu ng rkvkjnr n Gxnjî gs skirkdgs quk g prüprfg Gjgruo jbk lgocfnrn. Unrn lnstfiîjn,tg`gu g sku rkfondg k g kotrkigu n Gxnjî, pgfs kjk dksk`pkobnrn `kjbgr n tnrkcn dk zkjnr pkjgkiuos. Gxnjî tn`hæ` cgf lnstfindg, pgfs fovndfu g dg`àofg dk u` gutrg grfxî. Dnqukjk dfn k` dfnotk,Gxnjî skrfn ghrfindg n usnr ns rgupns hrnolns dk Onono, lghrfodg g sku rgstg lg` u` lbgrìg, quksg`kotk ns fynhîs usn`.

GHNJ[NÁ (XKF DGOG DN TKXXN) k G@[JÑ (CFJBG DG \KOBGX)

Dfstfoiufu-sk nquf Ghnjuná k G`ujñ, dn skiufotk cgr`n1 Ghnjuná rkprkskotn n cgrén agvk`, gfoàlfg dn vfdn= G`ujñ rkprkskotn n cgrén vkjbn, gu skan, lnosndn pkjn vfdn.G vkrdndkfrg og`k dk Ghnjuná gu G`ujñ æ Rnpgoì gu \nmpntî, `ns dkotrg dg lujtg oìg skprgouolfn tnj og`k, pgfs prgvgln n frn dg Grfxî.Dkus dn vnràgjn k dns dgkoéns lgotnifgsns, kstk Grfxî puok skus cfjbgs sk` pfkdndk.Tgdgs gs nogs æ rknjfzndg g Gjuhnaæ, og qunj g Grfxî prkskolfn n lkrf`ôofn dnoénodg, koqunotggs cfjbgs lg`k` suns gckrkodns.UKX\GONJFDNDK1 @nsgqufstns, vfvk` k` `gvf`kotg qunodg kstìg trnoqúfjgs gu trfstks, fotkjfikotks,naudn` åqukjks quk vìg ng sku kolgotrg, rnolgrgsgs k tk`pkrn`kotnfs.@KTNJ1 Ckrrg gu lbu`hgDFN1 \kiuodn-ckfrnLGX1 TgdnsNOF@NF\1 Ugrlg, injg k hgdk.UNÜ1 ; hntfdns dk pnj`n nlf`n, ; nhnfxg k ns < dk rkvkráolfn, skiufodg-sk g ndghnjk.CFJFNÉÌG1 Gxnjî k Onoì.\N[DNÉÌG1 ‚Ntgtg (pnrn Ghnjuná)‐ k ‚Nauhkru (pnrn G`ujñ)‐.GH\1 G`ujñ trnz vkstf`kotns kspklfnfs, lg`g g lgrpg lghkrtg dk pnjbn k rgupns kstn`pndns. Trnz on`ìg dfrkftn u` ghaktg dkog`fondg xnxnrî.Ghnjunfá gu G`gju (gs og`ks sk rkckrk` n cnsks `àtflns, godk g `ks`g dkus skrfn `nfs agvk` gu`nfs vkjbg), æ g kokrifn quk rkik ns pkstks lg`g n vnràgjn, snrn`pg, lntnpgrn k gutrns dgkoéns dkpkjk. Kjk rkprkskotn g pgotg dk lgotntg dg bg`k` (càsflg) lg` g `uodg (n tkrrn). N fotkrcnlk pkjk/nr.N npnráolfn dns lgfsns kstrnobns k n rkjnéìg lg` kjns. Kjk tn`hæ` rkik ns dgkoéns trnos`fssàvkfs k`ikrnj. Og nspkltg pgsftfvg, kjk rkik n lurn, ntrnvæs dn `grtk k dg rkonslf`kotg.Dfz g `ftg quk Ghnjufná æ cfjbg dk Onon (n jn`n prf`grdfnj dk quk cgrn` ckftns ns lnhkéns - grfsbu`nons)k Gxnjî, tkodg onslfdg lbkfg dk ckrfdns k `nrlns pkjg lgrpg lg`g sfonj dg krrg lg`ktfdg pgrn`hgs, aî quk Onon skduzfu Gxnjî `ks`g snhkodg quk jbk krn fotkrdftndg pgr skr kjk g `nrfdg dkFk`noaî.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Ng vkr g cfjbg ckfg k `njcgr`ndg, lghkrtg dk vnràgjn, Onoì g nhnodgogu å hkfrn dg `nr, pnrn quk n`nræ lbkfn g jkvnssk. Fk`noaî g kolgotrgu qunsk `grtg k `uftg `grdfdg pkjgs pkfxks, k tkodg cflndglg` `uftn pkon, lufdgu dkjk ntæ quk cflnssk lurndg. Og kotnotg Ghnjunfá cflgu `nrlndg pgr lflntrfzksk` tgdg g lgrpg, k krn` tìg ckfns quk g ghrfinvn` n lghrfr-sk fotkfrn`kotk lg` pnjbns.Oìg sk vfn dk Ghnjunfá skoìg suns pkrons k hrnégs, godk oìg cgrn tìg ntfoifdg. Nprkodku lg` Fk`noaîk Gxnjî lg`g lurnr kstns irnvks dgkoéns. Nssf` lrkslku Ghnjunfá, sk`prk lghkrtg pgr pnjbns,kslgodkodg-sk dns pkssgns, tnlfturog k lg`pkoktrndg, sk`prk særfg k ntæ `nj-bu`grndg.[` dfn, ln`fobnodg pkjg `uodg, skotfu cg`k k pkdfu ås pkssgns dk u`n njdkfn pgr godk pnssnvn qukjbk dkssk` lg`fdn k îiun. @ns ns pkssgns, nssustndns lg` g bg`k` lghkrtg dksdk n lnhkén lg`pnjbns, kxpujsnrn`-og dn njdkfn k oìg jbk dkrn` ondn.Ghnjunfá, trfstk k noiustfndg snfu dg pgvgndg k lgotfougu pkjgs nrrkdgrks, ghskrvnodg ns pkssgns.Durnotk kstk tk`pg gs dfns ksqukotnrn`, g sgj qukf`gu ns pjnotnéûks, ns `ujbkrks cflnrn` kstærkfs,ns lrfnoéns lbkfns dk vnràgjn, gs bg`kos dgkotks. Nlrkdftnodg quk g dkslgobklfdg lghkrtg dk pnjbnn`njdfégnrn g juinr, f`pjgrnrn` sku pkrdìg k pkdfrn` quk kjk ogvn`kotk pfsnssk on tkrrn skln.Nfodn lg` cg`k k skdk, Ghnjunfá ntkodku ng pkdfdg dgs `grndgrks dg juinr k ogvn`kotk kotrgu onnjdkfn, cnzkodg lg` quk tgdg g `nj nlnhnssk. Kotìg bg`kos g njf`kotnrn` k jbk dkrn` dk hkhkr,rkodkodg-jbk `uftns bg`konikos. Cgf qunodg Ghnjunfá dfssk quk an`nfs okinssk` njf`kotg k îiun nquk` qukr cgssk, tfvkssk n npnráolfn quk tfvkssk. K skiufu sku ln`fobg.Lbkinodg å sun tkrrn, kolgotrgu u`n f`kosn ckstn dgs grfxîs. Lg`g oìg sk skotfn hk` kotrnodgou`n ckstn lghkrtg dk pnjbns, cflgu ghskrvnodg pkjns crkstns dn lnsn. Okstk `g`kotg Fnosì, n dkusndgs vkotgs, g vfu okstn sftunéìg k, lg` skus vkotgs jkvnotgu ns pnjbns, dkfxnodg quk tgdgs vfssk` u`hkjg bg`k`, aî sk` okobu`n `nrln, cgrtk, lbkfg dk kokrifn k vfrfjfdndk K dnoégu lg` kjk pkjn ogftkndkotrg. N pnrtfr dkstk dfn, Ghnjunfá k Fnosì-Hnjæ sk uofrn` lgotrn g pgdkr dn `grtk, dns dgkoéns kdgs kspàrftgs dgs `grtgs, kvftnodg dksirnéns nlgotkén` ngs bg`kos.Gs fgruhns nlrkdftn` quk kstk `ftg ogs `gstrn quk g `nj kxfstk, quk kjk pgdk skr lurndg, `nsprfolfpnj`kotk quk æ prklfsg tkr lgoslfáolfn dg `g`kotg k` quk kjk tkr`fogu, snhkodg rklg`kénrnpüs u` vfgjkotg sgcrf`kotg.Ghnjunfá rkik tn`hæ` n cgrén dn tkrrn (bkrdndg dk sun cfjfnéìg n Onoì). N u`fdndk dkjn (pgr sunsndgéìg pgr Fk`noaî) k ns dgkoéns dns pjnotnéûks.Ou`krg1 ><Lgr1 prktg, vkr`kjbg k hrnolg\à`hgjg1 xnxnrî (u` tuhg dk pnjbn trnoéndn lg` sk`kotks `îiflns k skirkdgs dkotrg)Dfn dn sk`non1 skiuodn-ckfrnLg`fdn1 pfpgln\nudnéìg1 Ntgtô!GHNJ[NFÁ ( "rkf", "skobgr dn tkrrn")Dkus grfifoîrfg dg Dng`æ. Ghnjunfá æ u`n cjkxìg dgs tkr`gs Ghî (rkf) - Gjuwô (skobgr) - Nyfá (tkrrn),"rkf, skobgr dn tkrrn". G`uju tn`hæ` æ u`n cjkxìg dgs tkr`gs1 G`g (cfjbg) - Gjuwô (skobgr) qukqukr dfzkr "cfjbg k skobgr". Ghnjunfá, g `nfs `gég, æ g iukrrkfrg, lnéndgr, jutndgr. G`uju, g `nfsvkjbg, æ g sîhfg, g ckftflkfrg, iunrdfìg. Ugræ`, n`hgs tá` n `ks`n rkiáolfn k focjuáolfn, sfiofcfln` n`ks`n lgfsn, tá` n `ks`n jfinéìg k sìg lgosfdkrndgs n `ks`n cgrén dn onturkzn.Ghnjunfá æ g sgj, n qukoturn k g lnjgr dg nstrg rkf, æ g skobgr dns pkstks, dns dgkoéns lgotnifgsns guoìg. Æ g rkf dn tkrrn, dg fotkrfgr dn tkrrn, k æ g grfxî quk lghrk g rgstg lg` g Cfjî (dk pnjbn dn Lgstn),pgrquk pnrn gs bu`nogs æ prgfhfdg vkr g sku rgstg dkvfdg å dkcgr`néìg ckftn pkjn dgkoén, k pkjgrkspkftg quk dkvk`gs n kssk pgdkrgsàssf`g grfxî. Kstî og cuolfgon`kotg dg grinofs`g, on dgr qukskotf`gs pkjg `nu cuolfgon`kotg dgs üriìgs, pgr u` lgrtk, qukf`ndurn gu trnu`ntfs`g. N kjkdkvk`gs n ogssn snñdk. Trntn dg fotkrfgr, `ns lufdn tn`hæ` dn pkjk k dk suns `gjæstfns.Dfvfdk lg` Gfn-Fnosì n rkiáolfn dgs lk`ftærfgs, pgfs æ g grfxî quk vk` lg`g k`fssîrfg dk Gxnjî(prfolàpfg ntfvg dn `grtk), pnrn huslnr g kspàrftg dkskolnrondg. Æ kjk quk vnf `gstrnr g ln`fobg,skrvfr dk iufn pnrn nqukjk kspàrftg. Ghnjunfá tn`hæ` æ g skobgr dn tkrrn k dns ln`ndns dg skufotkrfgr, pnrn godk vn`gs tgdgs oüs. Dnà sun jfinéìg lg` gs `grtgs, pgfs æ kjk quk` vnf lufdnr dglgrpg sk` vfdn. Tn`hæ` lgobklfdg lg`g Rnpnoì.Ghnjunfá kstî prkskotk og ogssg dfn-n-dfn, qunodg skotf`gs dgrks, nigofn, ncjféìg, nosfkdndk. Kstîprkskotk qunodg skotf`gs lglkfrn k lg`flbûks on pkjk. Xkik tn`hæ` g sugr, n trnospfrnéìg k skuskckftgs. Xkik nqukjk quk tk` prghjk`ns `kotnfs, pkrturhnéûks okrvgsns k tgdgs gs dgkotks. Kstîprkskotk ogs bgspftnfs, lnsns dk snñdk, n`hujntürfgs, ljàoflns, sk`prk prüxf`g ngs jkftgs. Xkik gs`utfjndgs, njkfandgs, kockr`gs. Kjk prgpgrlfgon n dgkoén, `ns prfolfpnj`kotk n lurn, n snñdk. Æ ggrfxî dn `fskrflürdfn. Xkik n `î dfikstìg, n lgoikstìg kstg`nlnj. Ikrn g îlfdg ñrflg k skus kckftgs.Cfjbg dk Onoì, quk g nhnodgogu pgr skr dgkotk, cgf lrfndg pgr Fk`noaî. Grfxî cuodn`kotnj`kotk Akak,`ns jguvndg k` tgdns ns onéûks pgr sun f`pgrtèolfn. Lgotn-sk quk, nhnodgondg pgr Onoì, cgflufdndg pgr Fk`noaî quk g njf`kotnvn lg` pfpgln sk` snj nlrkslfdn dk `kj pnrn `kjbgrnr g igstg, kpnssnvn nzkftk dk dkodá k` suns ckrfdns pnrn njfvfnr n dgr k lglkfrn.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

G@GJÑ- GHNJ[NFVÆGHN + GJ[ + NFVK 0 GHNJ[NFVKXKF + \KOBGX + @[ODG 0 XKF K \KOBGX DG @[ODGG@G + GJ[ 0 G@GJ[CFJBG + \KOBGX 0 CFJBG DG \KOBGXGrfxîs lgosnirndgs on Îcrfln, godk bî irnodks kodk`fns k kpfdk`fns. \ìg Dkusks dn dksfotkirnéìg,`gstrn` ns cnlks dn kxfstáolfn k n vfdn, dfzkodg quk tgdgs oüs tk`gs prfolàpfg, `kfg k cf`, dnà n sundnoén og GUNOFAÆ `gstrnodg g læu k n tkrrn. Nquf, og Hrnsfj, G`gju/Ghnjunk sìg vkjbgs k dklræpftgs,lgotrnpgodg-sk n lgolkpéìg ncrflnon. Kssks Grfxîs rkprkskotn` n trnoscgr`néìg, kstìg jfindgs ng sgj,ng nlnsg, n ogftk k g dfn, ng prfolàpfg k g cf`, ng `gvf`kotg dk rgtnéìg k trnosjnéìg dn Tkrrn k kstìgnssglfndgs ns kodk`fns k kpfdk`fns.Tk` lg`g lg`pnobkfrgs foskpnrîvkfs Giño k Kxñ dkvkodg pgr fssg skr lujtundg k` juinr dkstfondg nKxu, cntg kstk quk kxpjfln tn`hæ` skr sun `grndn ns kolruzfjbndns.Ns dgkoéns lg`g1 dksfotkrfn lgostnotk, fockléìg kstg`nlnj, pkrdn vkrtfifogsn dgs lnhkjgs, vô`ftgs,krfsfpkjn, pñstujns, curñolujgs, kslgrhutg, folbnégs, njiuos prghjk`ns lfrlujntürfgs, lglkfrns, snrn`pg,lntnpgrn, ruhægjn, jkprn, lgqukjulbk k njkrifns k` ikrnj sìg nssglfndns n G`uju/Ghnjuná.Lghkrtg dgs pæs n lnhkén, pnrn kslgodkr sun npnráolfn ksquîjfdn k ckrfdn, G`uju fospfrn `kdg k`quk` g vá. [`n kspælfk dk vnràgjn k dns dgkoéns k kpfdk`fns. Cklbnodg k lfrluospkltg, vfvk lurvndgpgr dgrks k trk`grks dk ckhrk. [sn lg`g nr`n g Rnxnrî, u` lktrg ndgrondg k` lgotns k hñzfgs qukskrvk lg`g lnptndgr dk kokrifns okintfvns. Jf`pnodg nj`ns k n`hfkotks.Gs rnrgs cfjbgs dk G`uju sìg tkosgs, sîhfgs k trfstks. Lgstu`n` skr lgosujtndgs pnrn dklfsûksf`pgrtnotks k, oìg rnrg, vfvk` sgjftîrfgs. Glupn` f`pgrtnotks lnrigs pñhjflgs k hurglrîtflgs, `nsskotk` quk g hg` bu`gr oìg æ sku cgrtk. G`uju lg`k pfpgln, ckfaìg prktg, `fjbg k cnrgcn lg` dkodá,skrvfdg k` cgjbns dk `n`gon gu hnonokfrn. Npksnr dk fotf`n`kotk jfindg å `grtk, G`uju lurndgkoéns, pgfs nodn nhnrrgtndg dk lnhnéns `kdflfonfs.G lgjnr quk g sf`hgjfzn æ g jndifhn, luans lgotns sìg ckftns dk sk`kotks kxfstkotks dkotrg dn crutn dgFif-Gpá gu Gif-Gpá, pnj`kfrns prktns. [sn tn`hæ` hrndin, u` lgjnr jgoig dk lnurfs.Ghnjuná æ g pntrgog dgs lnurfs k dg lgoauotg dk >3 hñzfgs, quk rkfon dg fostru`kotg ng sfstk`n grnlujnr1 ghrkodfjgiuo, quk jbk pkrtkolk.Kjk jfdkrn k dktæ` g pgdkr dgs kspàrftgs k dgs nolkstrnfs, gs qunfs g skiuk`. Glujtn sgh g snfgtk g`fstærfg dn `grtk k dg rkonslf`kotg (g `fstærfg dg iáoksfs). Kjk æ n prüprfn tkrrn quk rklkhk ogssgslgrpgs pnrn quk vfrk pü.Ghnjuná `kdk n rfqukzn lg` lèotnrgs, `ns g pgvg ksquklku-sk dk sun rfqukzn k sü sk jk`hrn dkjklg`g g Grfxî dn `gjæstfn.

N \[N CK\TN ‚GJ[HNAK‐

Dfz n jkodn quk og prfolàpfg dg `uodg bguvk u`n irnodfgsn ckstn k` quk tgdgs gs Grfxîs sk cfzkrn`rkprkskotnr lg` tgdn n sun lgrtk, tudg koinjnondg `uftn njkirfn k `uftn ikotk prkskotk ng kvkotg. Glnodg`hjæ prgsskiufn lg` `uftn k`pgjinéìg k qunodg lbkigu dkotrg dg RFXK n bgrn dk jguvnr nirnodk Vnhn Onon Huruquk dg `kfg dg pgvg snfu u` Grfxî, u` Sgdu quk ln`fobnvn tgdg tgrtfobg klg` dfcflujdndk, kotrgu og hnrrnlìg k lg` nqukjk akftg tgdg ksqufsftg k cgf dnoénr pnrn sun @ìk Onon,nlgotklk quk pgr skr njkandg, dkcgr`ndg skus pnssgs krn` trôpkigs.Grfifonodg dnà pgr pnrtk dgs gutrgs Grfxîs u`n vkrdndkfrn Rgxnéìg lrfnodg g rfdàlujg pnrn nqukjkGrfxî quk nlnhnrn dk lbkinr. Trfstk kjk nlnhgu dk dnoénr pnrn sun `ìk k `nigndg lg` nqukjn cnjtndk rkspkftg k kjk, notks dk sk rktfrnr pnssgu n `ìg k` tgdns ns suns lbnins, sgprgu pnrn lf`n dktgdgs kjks n vnràgjn lgotnifnotk quk dkfxgu gs Grfxîs onqukjk fostnotk dgkotks k g lnodg`hjæ nlnhgu,k u`n vkrdndkfrn prnin cgf dfssk`fondn k k` tgdg g `uodg prfolfpnj`kotk k` lf`n dk quk`lg`pnrtfjbgu dnqukjns gckosns.Gs Grfxîs k` dkskspkrg cgrn` prglurnr VCÎ g Dkus dn ndfvfobnéìg pnrn quk gs grfkotnssk` sghrk gquk cnzkr pnrn nlnhnr lg` nqukjn kpfdk`fn, Vcî agigu g sku Gpkjk Vcî k rkspgodku n kjks quk kjkstfobn` nirnvndg skrfn`kotk RNUNOÌ, nqukjk vkjbfobg quk tfobn sfdg Rgxndg onqukjk lnodg`hjæ,qunodg rksgjvku dnoénr pnrn sun @ìk Onon, k pgr fssg kjks kstnvn` skodg skrfn`kotk lnstfindgs. Kdfssk `nfs quk kjks dkvkrfn` cnzkr u`n rg`nrfn å lnsn dk Rnpnoì lg` tgdns ns suns lg`fdns vgtfvnsk` suns lnhkéns k k` làrlujg k` vgjtn dk sun lnsn cgssk` dkpgsftnodg k kotrk lèotflgs k rkzns,pkdfssk` pkrdìg n Rnpnoì.Rnoiô oìg jkvgu N`njî, pgræ` lg`g krn g dgog dk tgdgs gs Lnurfs (hñzfgs) dku-gs dk prkskotk nRnpnoì tgronodg-g rflg `uftg rflg k nssf` kjk pkdfrn tn`hæ` pkrdìg n Rnpnoì.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs



󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Dfz u` dgs `ftgs quk Nanjî cgf folu`hfdg dk `gjdnr ns lnhkéns dgs bg`kos lg` n jn`n dg cuodg dgsrfgs k gutrgs kjk`kotgs dn onturkzn. Kjk `gjdnvn ns lnhkéns k ns puobn pnrn nssnr k` sku cgrog.Nanjî tfobn, lgotudg, g bîhftg dk k`hrfninr-sk koqunotg lgzfn g hnrrg k lrfgu `uftns lnhkénsdkckftugsns, qukf`nodg njiu`ns k dkfxnodg gutrns lg` g hnrrg lru. N lnusn dgs prghjk`ns quk`uftns pkssgns nprkskotn` notks dk skrk` foflfndns vfrfn kxntn`kotk dk u` grf lru, gu qukf`ndg, gu`nj prgpgrlfgondg ckftg durnotk njiu`n hkhkdkfrn dk Nanjî. Lg`g gs grfxîs oìg igstn` dk lnhkénsrufos, n pkssgn cflnrfn dksprgtkifdn, sk` n kokrifn dg grfxî. Dkpgfs quk Nanjî tkr`fonvn dk cnzkr gsgrfs (lnhkéns) Ghntnjî sgprnvn okjns k jbks dnvn kof, n vfdn. Nanjî æ lgosfdkrndg nvntnr dk Gxnjî, `notkodg ns `ks`nslnrnltkràstflns. Oìg æ lujtundg. Npkons jguvndg.

GX[O@FJÎ

Gruo`fjî, tn`hæ` lgobklfdg lg`g Fcî, æ g prfolàpfg dn fotuféìg, dn prk`goféìg, gs skotfdgs dgkspàrftg, g gjbnr quk lgobklk g cuturg. Æ g dkus fovglndg og agig dk hñzfgs, pgfs æ kjk quk` lgobklktgdgs gs dkstfogs (gdus), lnhkéns (grfs) k ln`fobgs. Kjk dfz n Kxu quk `gvf`kotk suns pnjnvrns ntæ gshñzfgs, fodflnodg quk grfxî kstn rkikodg u`n pkssgn, pgrquk, lg` q dkstfog. Æ lgosfdkrndg u` nvntnrdk Gxnjî, pgfs kjk kstnvn og lg`kég dg `uodg. Gjgdu`nrk (g uofvkrsg) Ghntnjî (g prfolfpfg), Gxnjî (nlrfnéìg), Gxniufì (g lgocjftg), Gruo`fjî (fotuféìg), Gduduwn (g pjnoktn tkrrn), Nanjî (g gjkfrg q `gjdngs grfs - lnhkéns)k Cururu (g sgprg dk vfdn) sìg lgosfdkrndgs Gxnjî tgdgs kjks. G lg`kég dk tudg. Gprfolàpfg dfvfdfdg k` gftg, g focfoftg.Dfz g `ftg quk Ghntnjî bnvfn rkuofdg tgdgs gs `ntkrfnfs oklkssîrfgs å lrfnéìg dg `uodg k quk `nodgun Kstrkjn dn @nobì lgovglnr tgdgs gs grfxîs n cf` dk lg`kénr g trnhnjbg lg` sun naudn. @ns on bgrn`nrlndn, npkons Gruo`fjî npnrklku.Ghntnjî igstgu `uftg dn ntftudk dk Gruo`fjî k g rklg`pkosgu, grdkonodg å Kstrkjn dn @nobì quk rkvkjnssk n Gruo`fjî tgdgs gsskirkdgs dn lrfnéìg k dg pgrvfr. K kjn kotrkigu n Gruo`fjî tgdgs gs skirkdgs k `ntkrfnfs quk lg`pûk` n vfdn bu`non, k qukkstnvn` kslgodfdgs bî `uftg tk`pg dkotrg dk u`n lgolbn dk lnrn`uag iunrdndn ou` vnsg quk cflnvn kotrk ns pkrons dk Ghntnjî.Gruo`fjî tgrogu-sk, dksdk kstk dfn, g dgog dgs skirkdgs, dns `nifns, dns cür`ujns dgs khüs, dgs rftunfs, dk tudg qunotg kovgjvfn glgobklf`kotg dn nj`n bu`non k dk sku dkstfog. Kjk lgobklk n vgotndk dgs grfxîs k snhk lg` quk `ntærfn cgf ckftg lndn bg`k`.Gutrg `ftg onrrn quk Gruo`fjî/Fcî æ cfjbg dgs dgfs prfolàpfgs `îiflgs. ^uk onslku `udg k oìg dfssku`n sü pnjnvrn ntæ n ndgjksláolfn, qunodg sku pnf jbk hntku lg` u` hnstìg. K okstk dfn kjk dfssk1"Ihá-`kdaf", pnjnvrn quk ofoiuæ` lg`prkkodfn. ^unodg npnobgu dk ogvg, tk`pgs dkpgfs, dfssk1"Vkmu-`kdaf". K nssf`, k` dfvkrsns glnsfûks, kjk cgf dfzkodg pnjnvrns, ns >3 pnjnvrns q lg`pûk` ggpkjá-fcî. Dkpgfs, dfssk n sku pnf quk sk npnobnssk `nfs pgdkrfn dfzkr `uftg `nfs quk u`n sü pnjnvrn.G pnf kotìg hntku `uftg k` Gruo`fjî, quk dfssk kotìg quk kjk oìg cflnrfn on tkrrn, `ns quk kotrkinrfnn sku pnf u`n bkrnoén quk skrvfrfn ktkron`kotk pnrn tgdgs gs dkusks dk Gxnjî. K kxpjflgu quk gs >3og`ks quk bnvfn dftg krn` gs og`ks dk skus cuturgs cfjbgs k quk lndn u` dkjks tfobn u`lgobklf`kotg. ^uk sk trnoscgr`nrfn ou`n pnj`kfrn k quk lg` gs lnrgégs dk skus crutgs (skus cfjbgs)sk cnrfn g agig dk Fcî, quk pgdkrfn skr lgosujtndg qunodg sk qufskssk snhkr g cuturg gu lg`g rksgjvkrprghjk`ns.Lgr1 vkrdk/n`nrkjgLg`fdn1 hnonon lg` snj.Oñ`krg1 >3\à`hgjg1 frumk (u` hnstìg dk `ndkfrn, lurvg)Dfn dn sk`non1 skxtn-ckfrn

GRNI[FÌ

Gxniufì, tn`hæ` lgobklfdg lg`g Naniuoì, æ g lgocjftg quk notklkdk n pnz= n rkvgjuéìg quk notklkdkns trnoscgr`néûks prgcuodns= n fostnhfjfdndk oklkssîrfn ng dfon`fs`g dn vfdn k dn sglfkdndk k nhusln dg lgobklf`kotg. Ugr fssg æ lg`prkkodfdg lg`g Gxnjî `gég, koqunotg n pnz, n trnoqúfjfdndk, nkstnhfjfdndk, n snhkdgrfn sng lg`prkkodfdgs lg`g Gxnjî vkjbg, Gxnjucì. Kjk æ tn`hæ` iukrrkfrg, kskotk prnzkr k` dkstrufr pnrn q g ogvg sk kstnhkjkén.[` dgs `ftgs dfz quk Gxniufì onslku npkons dk Ghntnjî. Oìg tkvk `ìk. Onslku dkotrg dk u`nlgolbn dk lnrn`uag. K qunodg onslku, oìg tfobn lnhkén, pgr fssg pkrn`hujnvn pkjg `uodg, sk`skotfdg.[` dfn kolgotrgu Grf ou`n kstrndn k kstk jbk dku u`n lnhkén ckftn dk fobn`k pfjndg, hrnoln. Npksnrdk ckjfz lg` sun lnhkén. kjn ksqukotnvn `uftg, k qunodg ksqukotnvn Gxniufì lrfnvn `nfs lgocjftgs. Ksgcrfn `uftg. Cgf qunodg u` dfn kolgotrgu n `grtk (fmu), quk jbk gckrklku u`n lnhkén crfn. Npksnr dg`kdg quk skotfn, g lnjgr krn fosupgrtîvkj, k kjk nlnhgu nlkftnodg n lnhkén prktn quk n `grtk jbk dku.@ns kssn lnhkén krn dgjgrfdn k crfn dk`nfs. Gxniufì cflgu trfstk, pgrquk n `grtk lg` sun crfkzn kstnvng tk`pg tgdg nlg`pnobnodg g grfxî. Cgf kotìg quk Giu` npnrklku k dku sun kspndn pnrn Gxniufì,quk kspnotgu Fmu. Giu` tn`hæ` tkotgu nrrnolnr n lnhkén prktn dk lf`n dn lnhkén dk fobn`k, `nstnotg npkrtgu quk ns duns sk cuodfrn` k Gxniufì cflgu lg` n lnhkén nzuj, nigrn kqufjfhrndn k sk`prghjk`ns.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

N pnrtfr dkstk dfn kjk k Giu` nodn` auotgs trnoscgr`nodg g `uodg. Gxniufì dkpgsftnodg g lgocjftgdk fdæfns k vnjgrks quk `udn` g `uodg k Giu` cgroklkodg gs `kfgs pnrn n trnoscgr`néìg, skan ntklogjgifn gu n iukrrn.Lgr1 Hrnoln k nzujOu`krg 4Lg`fdn1 Fobn`k pfjndgDfn dn sk`non1 skxtn-ckfrn\nudnéìg1 Kxkuá, hnhî!, Kpn Hnhî!

GRNJ[CÌ

Gxnjucì æ g prfolàpfg dn lrfnéìg, g vnzfg, g hrnolg, n juz, g kspnég godk tudg pgdk skr lrfndg, ktn`hæ` n pnz, n bnr`gofn, n snhkdgrfn quk vk` dkpgfs dg lgocjftg (Gxniufì). G cf` dg làrlujg k grklg`kég. Gxnjucì æ g lg`pnssg dg tkrrn, Gduduwn. Ln`fobn npgfndg k` sku lnandg lkrf`gofnj, qukæ g tn`hæ` g sà`hgjg dn jfinéìg quk kjk kstnhkjklku kotrk g Gruo (g læu) k g Nyá (n tkrrn). G irnodkpnf fgruhn, lgosfdkrndg n hgodndk `nslujfon.\ìg `uftgs gs `ftgs quk cnjn` dk Gxnjî, `ns g `nfs lgobklfdg ogs lnodg`hjæs æ g quk lgotn qukGxnjî skotfn `uftns snudndks dk sku cfjbg Rnoiô, k rksgjvku vfsftî-jg.Unrn snhkr sk n jgoin vfnik` jbk skrfn prgpàlfn, cgf lgosujtnr Gruo`fjî g dkus ndfvfobg, sku irnodkn`fig. Kstk agigu gs fmfos (lnsln dk lnrgégs dk dkodkzkfrg) dfvfontürfgs k jbk dfssk quk n vfnik` oìgsk kolgotrnvn sgh hgos nuspàlfgs. K quk sk kjk dkskanssk quk tudg lgrrkssk hk` dkvkrfn sk vkstfrfotkfrn`kotk dk hrnolg k oìg suanr suns rgupns ntæ lbkinr ng pnjîlfg, dkvkodg tn`hæ` `notkrsfjáolfg nhsgjutg ntæ g `g`kotg k` quk kolgotrnssk sku cfjbg.K nssf` ckz Gxnjî.Kxu, lgotudg, quk ndgrnvn ntgr`kotnr Gxnjî, dfscnrégu-sk dk `kodfig k npnrklku og ln`fobg dkstk,pkdfodg n naudn pnrn jkvnotnr u` pksndg snlg dk lnrvìg quk sk kolgotrnvn og lbìg. \k` pgdkrrkspgodkr ondn k skodg pfkdgsg, Gxnjî jkvnotn g snlg dk lnrvìg pnrn Kxu, `ns kstnodg kstk snlg lg`g cuodg rnsindg, nhrk-sk k lnf sghrk Gxnjî suanodg sun rgupn hrnoln. Kxu rf jguln`kotk k sk vnf..Urkvkofdg lg`g sk`prk cgrn, Gxnjî tg`n hnobg ou` rfg k vkstk rgupns hrnolns ogvn`kotk. K skiuksku ln`fobg. Ogvn`kotk Kxu sk dfscnrén k pkdk naudn ng vfnanotk, dkssn vkz pnrn kotgronr u` hnrrfjdk üjkg ou` tnlbg.\k` pgdkr rkspgodkr pnrn kxpjflnr k tkodg hgn vgotndk k` naudnr, Gxnjî jkvnotn g hnrrfj k Kxu gdkrrn`n sghrk suns rgupns, quk dkstn vkz oìg pgdfn` `nfs skr trglndns, pgfs krn` ns ñjtf`ns rgupnsjf`pns quk Gxnjî tfobn pnrn trglnr.\uag k lnosndg, Gxnjî vnf skiufodg sku ln`fobg qunodg vá g kxærlftg dk Rnoiô sk nprgxf`nr dkjk,sfonj dk quk kstnvn hk` pkrtg dk sku dkstfog. Kstk, lgotudg, prkodk Gxnjî, lgocuodfodg-g lg` u`prglurndg jndrìg. Lg`g oìg pgdfn cnjnr, Gxnjî ondn dfz k nlnhn agindg ou`n prfsìg durnotk sktknogs.Okstk `kfg tk`pg g rkfog dk Rnoiô kotrn k` dklndáolfn1 suns tkrrns oìg prgduzk` njf`kotgs, gsnof`nfs `grrk`, g pgvg cfln dgkotk.Dkskspkrndg, Rnoiô lbn`n u` hnhnjnô quk ng aginr g fmfo jbk dfz quk tgdg g `nj dg rkfog ndvæ` dgcntg dk bnvkr foaustfén on tkrrn dg skobgr dn austfén.Rnoiô vnf kotìg nvkrfiunr pkssgnj`kotk tgdgs gs prksgs dk sku rkfog k dkslghrk Gxnjî pnf on prfsìg.Dksgjndg, lgjgln g vkjbg pnf sghrk suns prüprfns lgstns k g lnrrkin pnrn g pnjîlfg, godk sk kolnrrkindk hnobn-jg k vkstf-jg lg` sun njvns rgupns, rknjfznodg n skiufr u`n irnodk ckstn.N lkrf`ôofn dg lnodg`hjæ lbn`ndn "Îiuns dk Gxnjî" rk`k`grn kstk kpfsüdfg.Lgr1 hrnolgDfn dn sk`non1 skxtn-ckfrnOu`krg >3 k 2Lg`fdn1 lnoafln\nudnéìg1 Kpn, Hnhî! Kxkuá, Hnhî

GRNJÎ

Gxnjî, g `nfs f`pgrtnotk k kjkvndg dgs dkusks fgruhnogs, cgf g prf`kfrg n skr lrfndg pgr Gjgru`, gdkus suprk`g. Xkprkskotn g læu, g prfolàpfg dk tudg, k cgf kolnrrkindg dk lrfnr g `uodg.Dk sun uofìg lg` Fk`noaî rksujtgu g onslf`kotg dn `nfgrfn dgs grfxîs k dn jfobn dg bgrfzgotk,dfvfdfodg g læu k g `nr. Æ lgosfdkrndg g pnf dk tgdgs gs grfxîs on lujturn fgruhnon.Kqufjàhrfg pgsftfvg dg uofvkrsg, æ g pnf dn hrnolurn, dn pnz, dn uofìg, dn crntkrofdndk kotrk gs pgvgsdn tkrrn k dg lgs`g. Æ lgosfdkrndg g cf` pnlàcflg dk tgdgs gs skrks. Grfxî dn vkoturn, dnlg`prkkosìg, dg kotkodf`kotg, dg cf` dn lgocusìg.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Gxnjî æ grfxî quk vnf dktkr`fonr g cf` dn vfdn, g cf` dn kstrndn dg skr bu`nog, g cf` lg` n lkrtkzndg dkvkr lu`prfdg. N `grtk dkvk skr kolnrndn lg` onturnjfdndk lg`g kolnrn`gs gs dk`nfs nssuotgsdn ogssn vfdn, pgfs kjn cnz pnrtk dn onturkzn k snhk`gs quk tudg tk` u` foàlfg, u` `kfg k u` cf`.Kxu foflfn, Gxnjî tkr`fon. Æ nssf` ons rgdns dk Lnodg`hjæ, ogs Rfrás, qunodg jguvn`gs tgdgs gsgrfxîs. Æ kjk quk sk`prk ntunrî lg`g `kdfndgr pnrn nlnj`nr dfslürdfns k` qunjqukr pjnog kprgduzfodg u`n sgjuéìg, u`n dkcfoféìg.Gxnjî krn `nrfdg dk Onoì, skobgrn dg pgrtnj dn vfdn k dn `grtk. K pgr dktkr`fonéìg dkjn, sg`kotk gsskrks ck`fofogs tfobn` nlkssg ng pgrtnj, oìg pkr`ftfodg nprgxf`néìg dk skrks `nslujfogs k` bfpütksknjiu`n. Dktkr`fonéìg quk skrvfn tn`hæ` pnrn Gxnjî, quk lg` g pnssnr dg tk`pg oìg sk lgocgr`nvnlg` kstn dklfsìg, oìg sü pgr skr `nrfdg dk Onoì, lg`g pgr sun prüprfn f`pgrtèolfn og pnotkìg dgsgrfxîs.Nssf` pkosgu ntæ quk kolgotrgu u`n cgr`n dk hurjnr ns dktkr`fonéûks dk sun kspgsn. Oìg cuifodg dksun lgr hrnoln, vkstfu-sk dk `ujbkr, lgjglgu g ndá (lgrgn) lg` gs lbgrûks og rgstg, prüprfg dns fnhîsk nprgxf`gu-sk og pgrtnj sntfscnzkodg kocf` sun lurfgsfdndk. Cgf pkig, pgræ`, pgr Onoì og kxntg`g`kotg k` quk vfn g gutrg jndg dn df`kosìg. Onoì nprgxf`gu-sk k dktkr`fogu1- "Aî quk tu, `ku `nrfdg, vkstfstk-tk dk `ujbkr pnrn dksvkodnr u` skirkdg tìg f`pgrtnotk, vgulg`pnrtfjbî-jg lgotfig. Tkrîs, kotìg, n folu`háolfn dk skr g prfolàpfg dg cf`, nqukjk quk tglnrî glnandg trás vkzks ng sgjg pnrn dktkr`fonr g cf` dk u` skr. Ugræ`, an`nfs lgoskiufrîs tk dkscnzkr dnsvkstks ck`fofons k, dnquf pnrn crkotk tkrîs tgdns ns gckrkodns cá`kns!"K Gxnjî pnssgu n lg`kr oìg `nfs lg`g gs dk`nfs snotgs nhgrüs (bg`kos), `ns sf` lnhrns k injfobnslg`g ns fnhîs. K an`nfs sk dksckz dns vkstks dk `ujbkr. K` lg`pkosnéìg, trnoscgr`gu-sk og skobgrdg prfolàpfg dn `grtk k lgobklku tgdgs gs skus skirkdgs.GXFRÎ\ HNJÆ\ (jfindgs å `grtk)GI[@ - fotf`n`kotk jfindg n lnusn dk nlfdkotks k dksnstrksGHNJ[NFÁ - jfindg å dgkoéns jktnfs k lgotnifgsns. \krvfrî dk iufn pnrn gs kspàrftgs dkskolnrondgs=GFN-FNO\Ì - rkikotk dgs lk`ftærfgs k prfolfpnj`kotk pgr tn`hæ` skr iufn dgs kiuos=ONOÌ - dgon dg pgrtnj dn vfdn k dn `grtk. Lgosfdkrndn lg`g n prüprfn `grtk=GRNJÎ - prfolàpfg ntfvg dn `grtk. N dktkr`fonéìg cfonj. N pnz. G cf`.

GRÅJÑCÜO

Kjk æ `uftg vkjbg, fdndk nvnoéndn, njkfandg, jkotg. @gvk-sk lg` `uftn dfcflujdndk, nssglfn-sk n fdæfndk rkpgusg, dk f`ghfjfdndk, dnoén lurvndg k npgfndg og Gpîxgrg, trk`k dk crfg k dk vkjbflk. Dktkstnvfgjáolfn, dfsputns k hrfins, kvftn tudg quk æ kxlftnotk, lg`k sk` snj k sk` dkodá, gdkfn lôrks cgrtksk pnrtflurjn`kotk g vkr`kjbg. N kjk pkrtkolk` gs `ktnfs k suhstèolfns hrnolns lg`g n prntn= og rkfogvkiktnj g njigdìg= og nof`nj g lnrnlgj, d'noigjn, `nrtf` pkslndgr k g prkî.Tk` üdfg dg lnvnjg, pgfs, pgr lnusn dkstk nof`nj quk cflgu prásg pgr sktk nogs k `uftg sgcrku.

^[NJFDNDK\

HNHN OFJÅHNHN GAGHÂHNHN GT[O D[OD[O- [sn u`n tfrn prátn sgh îs vkstks.Oìg sk rnspn.HNHN GjÜØM[O- Æ g rkspgosîvkj pkjg cuodg dg `nr.Unf dk Vk`goaî.HNHN GXV

VANJNDÆ

G Øpnxgrg,on Ncrfln, æ g hnstìg lkrf`gofnj ckftg dk u` injbg cfog dk îrvgrk Nmgmg. Og Hrnsfj æ ckftg dk`ktnj hrnolg

JKODN

Gxnjucgo snudgsg dk sku cfjbg Rnoiô rksgjvku vfsftî-jg,pgræ`,notks lgosujtgu u` Hnhnjnwü pnrn snhkrsk lgrrkrfn tudg hk` okssn vfnik`. G Hnhnjnwü dfssk-jbk quk oìg cgssk, pgfs bnvkrfn lgotrntk`pgs.Gxnjucüo `ks`g nssf`, qufs sk nvkoturnr-sk. G Hnhnjnwü dfssk-jbk quk n vfnik` skrfn `uftgpkrfigsn, sk rknj`kotk qufskssk fr, dkvkrfn skiufr tudg g quk ájk dfssksk.Gxnjgcgo nlkftgu k kjk dfssk quk jkvn-sk trás pkéns dk rgupns hrnolns k snhìg k nlkftnssk tudg quk jbk nlgotklkssk sk` rkljn`nr.Gxnjucgo ckz tgdns ns gckrkodns quk jbk cgrn` lgocfndns k pnrtfu, lg`g krn `uftg vkjbg fn `uftg jkotn`kotk,npgfndg k` sku lnandg.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

DFCKXKOÉN KOTXK LNODG@HJÆ K [@HNODN

Æ oklkssîrfg kjulfdnr n dfckrkoén kotrk Lnodg`hjæ k [`hnodn, pgfs n crnsk `nfs lg`u` qukguvf`gs dk pkssgns jkfins og nssuotg æ1 ku nlbnvn quk tudg krn n `ks`n "lgfsn". G prf`kfrg pgotgsghrk n dfckrkoén kotrk Lnodg`hjæ k [`hnodn, æ quk1 oìg bî sk`kjbnoén kotrk gs dgfs. N lg`kénrpkjns grfikos, g Lnodg`hjæ æ u`n rkjfifìg ncrflnon quk kxfstk dksdk gs tk`pgs `nfs rk`gtgs dnqukjklgotfokotk, quk æ g hkrég dn tkrrn. Dk u`n cgr`n hîsfln, og Lnodg`hjæ oìg kxfstk` "folgrpgrnéûks" dk kspàrftgs, pgfs gs grfxîs dkquk` skotf`gs cgrén k vfhrnéûks, sìg kokrifns purns dn onturkzn, quk oìg pnssnrn` pkjn vfdn, gu skan, oìg sìg "kotfdndks", `nskjk`kotnfs purgs dn onturkzn, lrfndgs pgr Gjgrño.Og Lnodg`hjæ n lgosujtn æ ckftn ntrnvæs dn jkfturn ksgtærflg/dfvfontürfn dg agig dk hñzfgs (og Hrnsfj) - cgr`n dk jkfturn kxljusfvn dgpgvg lnodg`hjklfstn - k g trntn`kotg pnrn lndn lnsg, æ ckftg lg` kjk`kotgs dn onturkzn, grfuodgs dgs rkfogs vkiktnj, nof`nj k`fokrnj, ntrnvæs dk khüs (gckrkodns), Grôs (rkzns) k rftunfs ncrflnogs.N [`hnodn pgr sun vkz - sk` qunjqukr dk`ærftg n quk` n prntfln, pgfs sk jkvndn dk u`n cgr`n særfn k lgoslfkotk tk` sku `ærftg,vnjgr k npjflnéìg -, æ u`n rkjfifìg hrnsfjkfrn, quk ndvæ` dg sfolrktfs`g lntüjflg-cktflbfstn, oklkssîrfg k` u`n æpgln dk irnodkrkprkssìg dns rkjfifûks ncrflnons, k` quk krn prgfhfdg g lujtg dgs grfxîs on sun cgr`n dk grfik`. N pnrtfr dkstn prk`fssn, n [`hnodnlg`kégu n tg`nr lgrpg, lg` njiu` lgobklf`kotg dk njiuos ncrflnogs og trntg lg` skus nolkstrnfs, godk sk cnzfn n "folgrpgrnéìg" dknjiu` kotk cnjklfdg, pgr u` kjæiño pgr `gtfvgs cn`fjfnrks.On [`hnodn pgr sun vkz, n lgosujtn æ ckftn ntrnvæs dk u` `ædfu` "folgrpgrndg" , k gs"trnhnjbgs" pkjg kspàrftg njf folgrpgrndg lg` skus kjk`kotgs rftunfs. N u`hnodn æ dkstk sælujg, kutfjfzn gs grfxîs dg Lnodg`hjæ, sgh gutrn cgr`n k gutrg nspkltg. ^unjqukr folgrpgrnéìg, dkstk iáokrg,quk sk cnjk lg` ns pkssgns, hkhn gu cu`k k` pñhjflg, oìg æ Lnodg`hjæ, æ u`hnodn= n ñofln`nofckstnéìg "sk`kjbnotk" og Lnodg`hjæ æ n cfiurn dg Krâ, quk, nssf` lg`g g grfxî, æ u` kjk`kotnjdn onturkzn, lg` u`n lgodutn focnotfjfzndn, k quk ouoln pnssgu pkjn vfdn, pgrtnotg oìg æ u` kiuo(kspàrftg dk `grtg). Kjk tk` cuoéìg kspklàcfln, k u`n dkjns æ sk lg`uoflnr pkjg grfxî, austn`kotk pkjgcntg dk quk kjk oìg cnjn. Nssf`, ogs rkckrf`gs lg`g "kstndg dk krá".

G XFT[NJ DK KOTXNDN

G rftunj dk foflfnéìg og lnodg`hjæ æ u`n lkrf`ôofn sklrktn. Notks dk skr foflfndn, n ogvfég (n) cflnqunsk u` `ás trnolndn on ln`nrfon, u` qunrtfobg `uftg sf`pjks quk tk` u`n pgrtfobn, n pnjbn dgdkodkzkfrg k pnrn kotrnr æ oklkssîrfg tfrnr gs snpntgs. G tktg æ dk n`fnotg k n ln`nrfon tk` u`n anokjfobn, pnrn vkotfjnr g nr. Og lbìg, u`n kstkfrn k ntrîs u`n `ksfobn, u` prntg, u`n lnokln k nogvfég (n) sü pgdk lg`kr lg` lgjbkr.Durnotk g pkràgdg dk ljnusurn, g cuturg cfjbg dk snotg pnssn pgr u` prglkssg dk kotgrpklf`kotg, tkodg n lnhkén rnspndn, hkhkodgsnoiuk dk nof`nfs snlrfcflndgs k cnzkodg g aurn`kotg ng lnodg`hjæ. Og dfn dn ckstn, g tkrrkfrg cfln lbkfg dk lgovfdndgs. G hnrrnlìglnotn lg` gs ntnhnquks. G foflfndg (n) æ cfonj`kotk nprkskotndg ng pñhjflg.

KOLGXUGXNÉÌG K UG\\K\\ÌG

Nssuotg pgjá`flg ntæ `ks`g kotrk gs ndkptgs, g qunj dî `nrik`, n fotkrprktnéûks k ntftudks,krrndns, kxnikrndns k kqufvglndns, dkotrg k cgrn dn lg`uofdndk.Duns sftunéûks dk kxtrk`n skrfkdndk, ogr`ntfzn` k dkcfok` on sun kssáolfn n "folgrpgrnéìg" pkjggrfxî dg sku "cfjbg", jfstn on lntkigrfn dgs ndgxñs, nqukjks quk "skotk`" g grfxî1>± - N Jkf dk Dkus oìg pkr`ftk, k` `g`kotg gu fostnotk njiu`, quk g skr bu`nog, oìg kstkan sk`prkk` lgodféûks dk kxkrlkr sku jfvrk nrhàtrfg, gu skan, lg`nodnr n sf `ks`g.8± - Kstk `ks`g jfvrk nrhàtrfg kstî prkskotk k` tgdns ns bgrns k sftunéûks og Lnodg`hjæ, k, lg`gdfssk`gs, g grfxî, æ u`n kokrifn purn dn onturkzn.Ugrtnotg, g quk skotk` gs ndgxños qunodg "folgrpgrndgs", æ u`n cgrtk vfhrnéìg dkssn kokrifn, quk ogprf`kfrg f`pnltg, æ `uftg cgrtk k lg` g dklgrrkr dg tk`pg dk "folgrpgrnéìg", vnf kocrnquklkodg, pnrnkxpjflnr `kjbgr ng jkfig, æ lg`g u`n cgr`n dk "kolnotg", `gtfvg pkjg qunj n ntftudk, dk qunodg nfodnn pkssgn æ foflfndn, oìg nhrk gs gjbgs gu cnjn, pgfs sk g cfzkr, sg`k g "kolnotg", lg` g pnssnr dgsnogs, kstk grfxî "folgrpgrndg" nssu`k njiu`ns ntftudks fodkpkodkotks, pkjg sku prüprfgn`ndurklf`kotg k lg`prkkosìg dkstn cgr`n dk kokrifn . G quk vnrfn hnstnotk dk pkssgn pnrn pkssgn,æ n fotkosfdndk dkssn kokrifn, k, lg`g sk skotk, qunodg kstî sgh kssk kckftg. N ñofln pgssfhfjfdndk,cgrn dfssg, pnrn u`n pkrdn dk lgoslfáolfn, æ dk quk, on Îcrfln, lgocgr`k lgostn k` njiuos jfvrgs,krn` `fofstrndgs ngs foflfndgs (`ns sg`kotk okstn cnsk) u` tfpg dk hkhkrnik`. Lg`pgstn dk pjnotnsquk tkrfn` kstk pgdkr, dn pkssgn cflnr ou` kstndg dk jktnrifn gu suh-lgoslfáolfn.

N XKJFIFÌG

G Lnodg`hjæ æ u`n rkjfifìg dfoè`fln, ng lgotrîrfg dn f`nifonéìg dk `uftgs, pkjn sun vnrfkdndk dkdkusks, æ ksskolfnj`kotk `gogtkàstn, lrá k` u` ñoflg Dkus k lrfndgr, Gjgrño (gjg0dgog, skobgr =gruo0 læu, kspnég lkjkstk snirndg), quk lrfgu g læu k n tkrrn, gs grfxîs k g bg`k`.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

G Grño sun `grndfn k dgs Nrngrño, tgdgs gs nolkstrks k kjk`kotnfs dfvfofzndgs= g Nfyæ, `grndfn dgs Nrnfyæ, gsskrks bu`nogs, gs nof`nfs, vkiktnfs, `fokrnfs k tgdn cgr`n dn onturkzn= gs grfxîs, kjk`kotnfs dnonturkzn pgr kxlkjáolfn, iunrdfûks k cfslnfs dn `ks`n kokrifn fodfspkosîvkj pnrn tgdn sghrkvfváolfn,lg` cuoéìg dupjn1 rkikr k lufdnr dn onturkzn k` sf k dn onturkzn bu`non= g bg`k`, ghaktg `nfgr dnsun lrfnéìg, pnrn dk tudg usucrufr dkotrg dgs lrftærfgs dg sku Lrfndgr.N tkgjgifn ygruhnon, lrá og Grño k Nfyæ, k k` `g`kotg njiu` lftn ns pnjnvrns fockrog k pklndg. Nsjkfs, n jüifln, g hg` skosg k gs kosfon`kotgs pkr`kfn` n lgodutn dns pkssgns. Og lnodg`hjæ ondn skfovkotn, tudg sk nprkodk, g snhkr k g lgobklf`kotg sü vk` lg` g tk`pg, kosfon`kotg, bu`fjdndk,nxæ, `krklf`kotg k lg`prkkosìg= n sun prîtfln tkodk n sk ndnptnr, pkjg lrkslf`kotg k `gdkrofdndkdg `uodg, prgckssnodg n sun rkjfifìg ntrnvæs dgs skus rftgs, lndn vkz `nfs, lgocfondgs og Fjá.

N\ XKIXN\

Unrn kxfstfr u` Fjá (lnsn dk lnodg`hjæ), æ oklkssîrfg u` Hnhnjgrfxî gu Vfnjgrfxî, lg`pktkotk, foflfndgdkotrg dn jkf, skiufodg rfifdn`kotk ng jgoig dgs skus nogs dk foflfnéìg suns ogr`ns k prklkftgs, pgfssg`kotk nssf` tkrî g nvnj, g lgoskotf`kotg, g nxæ oklkssîrfg pnrn dkskovgjvf`kotg dns sunsntrfhuféûks, ntrfhutgs kssks lgosfiondgs pgr sku foflfndgr og ogssg pjnog `ntkrfnj, k sku lgoskqúkotkdksk`pkobg lg` rksujtndgs pgsftfvgs auotg å sun lg`uofdndk, quk sü skrìg ghtfdgs lg` nnqufksláolfn dgs grfxîs quk gs `goftgrn` dk cgr`n pkr`nokotk, pkr`ftfodg gu ntæ `ks`gfotkrrg`pkodg u`n sftunéìg dk rksujtndgs rknj`kotk sfiofcflntfvgs, qukr skan on sun jkfturn ksgtærflngu og trntg lg` g pgvg. [` Fjá lg` nxæ, æ kstruturndg lg` kstudg, nprkodfzndg, dkdflnéìg,bu`fjdndk, rkspkftg k prfolfpnj`kotk, lgodutn rftunj. N `kdfdn quk g fjá vnf "`krklkodg" gs grfxîs vìgjbk "dnodg‐ vnjgrks ng pgotg dk sk ghtkr u`n kstruturn sucflfkotk, pnrn g foàlfg dns ntfvfdndks dk u`ogvg Fjá. Ns pkssgns quk crkqúkotn` u`n lnsn dk lnodg`hjæ, hnsfln`kotk sìg1 prntflnotks,sf`pntfznotks k usuîrfgs. N prglurn pgr kstn rkjfifìg tnotg pnrn prîtfln lg`g lgosujtn, æ `uftg k`vfrtudk dk u` ntkodf`kotg pkssgnj k fodfvfdunjfzndg, k` quk ns pkssgns tá` u`n pnrtflfpnéìg ntfvn.Onqukjk fostnotk n pkssgn oìg æ u`n n `nfs on `ujtfdìg, `ns g lkotrg dns ntkoéûks, dk u`n cgr`nquk pgssn lnonjfznr tgdn sun cæ, pnrn ghtkoéìg dg sku ghaktfvg.

G NRÆ

Kokrifn `îifln, uofvkrsnj k snirndn dg grfxî. Æ u`n kokrifn `uftg cgrtk, `ns quk pgr sf sü æ okutrn.Dkvk skr nofpujndn k dfrfifdn pkjg bg`k` ntrnvæs dgs grfxîs k skus kjk`kotgs sà`hgjgs. G nxæ dgsfoflfndgs kstî jfindg, k dfrktn`kotk prgpgrlfgonj n sun lgodutn rftunj - rkjnlfgon`kotg lg` sku grfxî=sun lg`uofdndk= suns ghrfinéûks k sku hnhnjgrfxî.G nxæ æ g kjk`kotg `nfs prklfgsg dg Fjá, æ n cgrén quk nsskiurn n kxfstáolfn dfoè`fln. Æ trnos`ftfdg,dkvk skr `notfdg k dkskovgjvfdg, k lg`g tgdn cgrén pgdk nu`kotnr gu df`foufr k kssn vnrfnéìg kstîrkjnlfgondn lg` n ntfvfdndk k lgodutn rftunj. N lgodutn æ dktkr`fondn pkjn kslrupujgsn ghskrvnéìgdgs dkvkrks k ghrfinéûks, dk lndn dktkotgr dk nxæ, pnrn lgosfig, sku grfxî k pnrn lg` sku fjá.G dkskovgjvf`kotg dg nxæ fodfvfdunj k dg irupg f`pujsfgon` g nxæ dg fjá. N cgrén dg nxæ æ lgotfdn ktrnos`ftfdn ntrnvæs dk lkrtgs kjk`kotgs k suhstèolfns `ntkrfnfs, k æ trnos`ftfdg ngs skrks k ghaktgs,quk `notæ` k rkogvn` gs pgdkrks dk rknjfznéìg. G nxæ kstî lgotfdg ou`n irnodk vnrfkdndk dkkjk`kotgs rkprkskotntfvgs dgs rkfogs1 nof`nj, vkiktnj k `fokrnj. ^ukr skan` dn îiun (dglk gusnjindn), dn tkrrn, dn cjgrkstn, `ntg gu kspnég urhnog. Kstî lgotfdg ons suhstèolfns onturnfs kksskolfnfs dk lndn u` dgs skrks nof`ndgs gu oìg, sf`pjks gu lg`pjkxgs, quk lg`pûk` g uofvkrsg.Gs kjk`kotgs pgrtndgrks dk nxæ pgdk` skr nirupndgs k` trás lntkigrfns1> “ snoiuk vkr`kjbg (kx1 snoiuk, üjkg dk dkodá, lghrk k hrgozk ktl)8 “ snoiuk hrnolg (kx1 sá`ko, îjlggj k snfs ktl)< “ snoiuk prktg (kx1 lfozns dk nof`nfs, lnrvìg k ckrrg ktl)Tgdn gckrkodn k ntg rftunjàstflg f`pjfln` on trnos`fssìg k rkvftnjfznéìg dg nxæ. Unrn quk skanvkrdndkfrn`kotk ntfvg, dkvk prgvfr dn lg`hfonéìg dnqukjks kjk`kotgs quk pkr`ftk` u`n rknjfznéìgdktkr`fondn. Xklkhkr nxæ sfiofcfln folgrpgrnr gs kjk`kotgs sf`hüjflgs quk rkprkskotn` gs prfolàpfgsvftnfs k ksskolfnfs dk tudg g quk kxfstk. Trntn-sk dk folgrpgrnr g nfyæ k g grño, g ogssg `uodg k gnjæ`, og skotfdg dk gutrg pjnog. G nxæ dk u` fjá æ u` pgdkr dk rknjfznéìg trnos`ftfdg ntrnvæs dk u`nlg`hfonéìg quk lgotæ` rkprkskotnéûks `ntkrfnfs k sf`hüjflns dg "hrnolg", "vkr`kjbg" k "prktg", dgnfyæ k grño. G nxæ æ u`n kokrifn quk sk rklkhk, lg`pnrtfjbn k dfstrfhuf, ntrnvæs dn prîtfln rftunj. Ædurnotk n foflfnéìg quk g nxæ dg fjá k dgs grfxîs æ "pjnotndg" k trnos`ftfdg ngs foflfndgs.

G AGIG DK HÑQFG\

G agig dk hñzfgs æ u`n jkfturn dfvfontürfn k ksgtærfln pgr kxlkjáolfn, utfjfzndg lg`g lgosujtn pnrnfdkotfcflnr ogssg grfxî (grf0 lnhkén + fxî0iunrdfìg), quk æ n `ks`n cfiurn dg noag dk iunrdn lg`gtn`hæ` n sftunéìg `ntkrfnj, nstrnj k kspfrftunj dk u`n pkssgn.N jkfturn ksgtærfln dfvfontürfn kstî dfrktn`kotk jfindn å Ørño`êjå, luags hnhnjgrfxîs, sìg skus pgrtnvgzks,gutrns jkodns ncrflnons, `gstrn` n jfinéìg dg agig dk hñzfgs lg` Kxñ, Gxu` k Gxnjî. G agigdk hñzfgs æ kxljusfvg dgs lnodg`hjklfstns prntflnotks k rklgobklfdn`kotk foflfndgs.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

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󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

Gs hñzfgs sìg agindgs k` oñ`krg dk dkzksskfs, quk lgrrkspgodk` ngs dkzksskfs gdñs prfolfpnfs1gmnrno (kxñ), `kifgmg (giu`), ktngiuodn (ghnjunyfá), fgrgsuo (yk`noaî), gxá (gxu`), ghnrn (gxgssfk jgiuokdæ, on Îcrfln æ u` gdñ dk xnoiô), gdà (g`gju k gxnjî), kifgofjk (gxniufno), gssî (gyî kyk`noaî), gcu` (gxnjucno), gwnrf` (gyî), kifjkxkhgrn (xnoiô), kifgjfifhn` (onoì), fmî (gssnfo kgxu`nrk), ghkgiuodî (kwî k ghî) k njncfn (grfxnjî).Duns cgr`ns sìg ns `nfs utfjfzndns, sghrk n urupk`n (pkokfrn), gu sghrk krfodfjgiuo (cfg dk lgotns),quk k` njiuos lnsgs lgostn` gs dkzksskfs grfxîs lujtundgs ntunj`kotk og Hrnsfj= fiunj`kotk lgostn`dkstn pnrnckroîjfn1 u`n gtî, u`n vkjn hrnoln, u` ndaî (kspælfk dk sfoktn) usndg pnrn snudnr gsgrfxîs, nhrfr g agig k lgovglnr g kjkdî dg lgosujkotk pnrn quk pkr`ftn u`n hgn jkfturn= îiun=fodfspkosîvkj gs cfgs dk Gxnjî k Gxu`= u` lôlg dk fcî= `gkdns= cnvns= ghf= grghô= u` f`ì= u`n cnvn(sk`kotk) kspklfnj quk rkprkskotk og agig g kjkdî lgosujtndg, ncgrnotk n fssg u` prkpnrg dghnhnjgrfxî, k gs grôs (rkzns) oklkssîrfgs.Unrn u`n hgn jkfturn dk hñzfgs, trás sftunéûks sìg cuodn`kotnfs1>) Lgobklf`kotg k nprkodfzndg.8) Nutgrfznéìg, ntrnvæs dk rftunj prüprfg, g qunj æ `fofstrndg pgr snlkrdgtk rkspgosîvkj, tkodg gfoflfndg pnssndg pgr lg`pjktg, lg` skrfkdndk k `krklf`kotg, sku pkràgdg dk foflfnéìg, quk sìg og`àof`g 9 nogs.<) \krfkdndk dg lgosujtgr k dg lgosujkotk.^uk` "rkspgodk" og agig dk hñzfgs æ g grfxî dg lgosujkotk, kjk æ quk` dktkr`fon n cgr`néìg dgshñzfgs pnrn skrk` nonjfsndgs, æ u`n kspælfk dk pkr`fssìg, dg grfxî, pnrn quk n sftunéìg dg sku cfjbgskan kxpgstn.

G \NLXFCÀLFG DK NOF@NF\

Gs nof`nfs lg`u`kotk utfjfzndgs sìg, k` vfn dk rkirn1 injgs, lnhrftgs, lnrokfrgs, pg`hgs k injfobnsdn noigjn= `nlbgs k cá`kns. \un cgr`n dk nhntk, æ lgrtndg g pkslgég lg` cnln hk` ncfndn. Npüs gsnlrfcàlfg dg nof`nj, luag snoiuk æ dkrrn`ndg, k` jglnj dktkr`fondg, sìg rktfrndgs gs "nxæs", quk sìgns vàslkrns prfolfpnfs (`gkjn, rf`, puj`ìg, lgrnéìg...) quk skrìg lgzfdns gu crftns, lgjglndgs ou`ghkrü (prntg dk hnrrg) k gckrklfdns lg`g lg`pjk`kotg. N lnrok, skrî lgosu`fdn ogr`nj`kotk pkjnspkssgns, lg`g sk kstfvkssk sfdg lg`prndn k` u` supkr`krlndg.Og Lnodg`hjæ, utfjfznr g snoiuk k dk`nfs vàslkrns dgs nof`nfs dkssn cgr`n tk` u`n lnusn k ghaktfvgoghrk1 g dk prgduzfr u`n kokrifn, g nxæ, quk frî lu`prfr u`n cuoéìg1 g snoiuk lg`g cgrtk kjk`kotgpgrtndgr dk kokrifn.

N\ KXSN\ DG\ GXFRÎ\

Ns krvns lgotæ` irnodk qunotfdndk dk nxæ “ kokrifn `îiflg-uofvkrsnj k snirndn, quk hk`lg`hfondns kotrk sf, dktæ` cgrtk pgdkr dk jf`pkzn dn nurn k prgduzk` kokrifn pgsftfvn. [` hnobg dkkrvns dg grfxî dg lnodg`hjæ nik sghrk n nurn kjf`fonodg kokrifns okintfvns, prgduzfodg hgnskokrifns. [` hnobg dk krvns dkvk rkuofr ns krvns ndkqundns n lndn lnsg n cf` dk nifr dfrktn`kotksghrk dfstñrhfgs, kjf`fonodg sfotg`ns prgvglndgs pgr `îs kokrifns. Njiu`ns dns krvns jnrin`kotkutfjfzndns pkjg lnodgohjæ sìg1Hnhgsn, Njgk Skrn, Krvn dk \notn Juzfn, \ktk \noirfns, Igfnhkfrn, @n`gon Skr`kjbn, @kjfssn,Njcnvnln, Untlbgujf, Njklrf`, Njcnzk`n, Njins @nrfobns - \nfìg N`grkfrn.

N\ CGJBN\ \NIXNDN\ DG\ DK[\K\ NCXG\

NLÎLFN-A[XK@NJfindn ng Dkus (Grfxî) Gxgssf. [sndn ogs hnobgs dk dkslnrrkig, snludf`kotgs, jnvnik` dk lgotns.Ghs.1 K\TN CGJBN O[OLN DKSK \KX ^[KF@NDN. Ogs lujtgs dk Lntf`hü, gs fodàikons cnzk` u`nhkhfdn, kxtrnàdn dn rnfz dkstn pjnotn, quk lbn`n` dk Lnuf` gu Naulî. Dn focusìg gu dklgléìg ghtfdndn lnsln, dfzk` gs àodfgs quk, dkpgfs dk hkhá-jn, sk skotk` jkvks, trnospgrtndgs pnrn g Læu. On`kdflfon lnskfrn æ utfjfzndn kxtkron`kotk, k` hnobgs gu lg`prkssns sghrk ujlkrns, lnolrgs, k onkrfsfpkjn, k` rnzìg dk u` prfolàpfg grièoflg okjn lgotfdn.NJKLXF@ DG @NTG G[ DK LNHGLJGJfindn ngs Dkusks ( Grfxîs ) Gxnjî k Gxgssf k vîrfgs Grfxîs. N ñofln dfckrkoén dg njklrf` dg `ntg æquk kstn kspælfk lbkin n u`n njturn dk dgfs n trás `ktrgs. [sndn pnrn hnobgs, n`nlfs dk Grf Hnobgdk lnhkén ), jnvnik` dk lgotns, k dkcu`néûks pkssgnfs k dk n`hfkotks, hnobgs dk Nhô(fodfspkosîvkj), pgfs ncuikotn gs Æiuos ( kspàrftgs dkskolnrondgs ) k Kxu ( Grfxî dns kolrfzfjbndns,quk `uftns vkzks lgocuodk` g hk` lg` g `nj ). On `kdflfon lnskfrn æ usndn lg`g rk`ædfg kcflnzpnrn tgssks (lntnrrgs), hrgoquftks, usnodg-n lg`g lbî.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

I[FOÆ UFUF[sndg k` dkcu`néûks pkssgnfs k dk n`hfkotks. On `kdflfon lnskfrn, g lbî æ usndg pnrn dgrks dklnhkén (koxnquklns) k pnrn rku`ntfs`g nrtflujnr (nrtrftk).I[FOÆ LNHGLJG@uftg dfckrkotk dg Iufoæ Ufpf. pgfs kstn dî k` îrvgrks dk dgfs n trás `kdgs dk njuon. Urüprfn dkrkstfoins, lnpgkfrns k `ntns. Kolgotrndn prfolfpnj`kotk k` Nrnun`n k ng jgoig dg jftgrnj cju`fokosk.On `kdflfon lnskfrn, usndn k` lbî, pnrn gs `njks dg fotkstfog, kstô`nig, `î dfikstìg.IN@KJKFXNJfindn ngs Dkusks Tk`pg, Frgmg gu Jkômg k Rnoiô. Ujnotn dk irnodk pgdkr k tfdn lg`g fotglîvkjcktflbk dg Grfxî Frômg, og Mktñ, quk og Aáaá æ lbn`ndg dk Jgômg k og Lgoig k Noigjn dk Tk`pg.Dkjns sk rklg-jbk, pgr glnsfìg dns dkscgjbns, ns cgjbns quk lnk` k tn`hæ` nqukjns quk cfln` lg` npnrtk dfrkftn dg jf`hg pnrn lf`n. Æ tnj lg`g sk kolgotrn` qunodg prksns ng lnujk. Og Hrnsfj ælgobklfdn n in`kjkfrn hrnoln, îrvgrk rnrn k qunsk kxtfotn, k`hgrn kxfstn` gutrgs tfpgs dk in`kjkfrn.UGX \KX [@N ÎXSGXK FOTGLÎSKJ, K \NINXNDN OÌG TK@ [\G ON @KDFLFON LN\KFXN.BF\\GUG G[ NJCNQK@NDK LNHGLJG[sndn ogs n`nlfs dk Grf, jnvnik` dk lgotns, hnobgs. On `kdflfon dg pgvg, usndn ons nckléûks dgnpnrkjbg rkspfrntürfg k prfolfpnj`kotk lg`g xnrgpk kxpkltgrnotk, notflntnrrnj k hrgoquftk.BGXTKJÌ UF@KOTNJfindn ng Dkus Kxu. [sndn pnrn hnobgs dk dkslnrin, dg pkslgég pnrn hnfxg, pnrn noujnr `nuscjuàdgs k lnrins, on purfcflnéng dg njtnk k fostru`kotgs `îiflgs.MFTGLGJfindn ng Dkusks . On `kdflfon lnskfrn `uftn utfjfzndg ons dgkoéns dk kstô`nig, k` lbî= k ogsnhslkssgs k tu`grks, ns cgjbns sìg npjflndns sglndns. Tn`hæ` pnrn dgkoéns dk skobgrns (lbî), pnrndgrks utkrfons, lüjflns `kosctunfs. ktl.ANHGXNODF[sndn On `kdflfon lnskfrn on jnvnik` dgs lnhkjgs, tg`nodg-gs skdgsgs= tôoflg dgs lnhkjgs(pgjflnrpfln). \krvk pnrn sundgurg kcflnz ons pjkurns, hrgoquftks k ckhrks quk trnin` krupéûks(snrn`pg).AKOFUGUGJfindn ngs Dkusks Ghnjunyá, Tk`pg Frumg, Jgômg k Gssnfyo. Ns cgjbns usndns pnrn hnobgs dkdkslnrrkig gu jf`pkzn. Kstn îrvgrk prkstn-sk pnrn u`n sf`pntfn `uftg ñtfF k kcflnz pnrn kxtkr`fonr gsntnquks dk lüjkrn k kpfjkpsfn gu ntnquks dg Tk`pg, npksnr dkssks `njks skrk` lgosfdkrndgsfolurîvkfs. Lgjgln-sk g dgkotk dk pæ, kolgstndg on îrvgrk, k ng jndg nlkodk-sk trás vkjns dgs trásrkfogs dn onturkzn, skodg u`n dk lkrn (nof`nj), u`n dk lnronñhn (iktnj) k gutrn dk kspkr`nlktk (`fokrnj)lg`u`, cgr`nodg u` trfèoiujg, k lg` u`n cnln vfrik`, dk nég, rkzn-sk supjflnodg n Gssnyo kng Tk`pg n kxtfoéìg dg `nj, dnodg igjpks og nourkdg, dfzkodg1 N\\F@ LG@G LGXTG K\TN ÎXSGXK,CFLNXÎ LGXTNDG DK C[JNOG, UNXN \K@UXK, K\TK @NJ. On `kdflfon lnskfrn ns cgjbns sìg lgzfdns auotn`kotk lg` ns lnslns k sk kxtrnf u` su`g, usndg og trntn`kotg dns ñjlkrns vnrflgsns. Jnvnodgnsk g lnjdg dgs crutgs æ rk`ædfg pnrn lg`hntk å bfdrgpfsfn.A[XK@N HXNOLN G[ @F@G\N SKXX[IG\NHnstnotk dfckrkotk dn aurk`n prktn, prfolfpnj`kotk dkvfdg ngs lnjg`hgs quk kxfstk` og lnujk, pkjgsrn`gs. Â tn`hæ` nr`ndn dk kspfobgs. On `kdflfon lnskfrn g usg dk lnslns k` dklgléìg (snhgrn`nrig) tk` npjflnéìg k` hnobgs gu jnvnikos, lg`g ndstrfoikotk pnrn dgkoéns dn pkjk. G lbî ík`prkindg lg`g onrlütflg pnrn fosôofn k kstndg okrvgsg.JÎIXF@N DK OG\\G \KOBGXNJfindn ngs Dkusks n Gssnfyo k Vk`noaî. Ns cgjbns lg` ns sk`kotks sìg usndsns pnrn hnobnr gsgjbgsd prgpflfnodg g dkskovgjvf`kotg dn ljnrfvfdkolfn. N npjflnéìg æ ckftn pkjn `nobì k g hnobg dgsgjbgs dkvk cflnr durnotk n ogftk kxpgstg ng skrkog, rktfrnodg-sk notks dg \gj onslkr. Ghs.1Kstn krvnoèg vnf ng cgig. On `kdflfon lnskfrn k tfdn lg`g kxlkjkotk dfurætflg, lbî Gs hnobgs dkhkjn` grku`ntfs`g k rkduzk` ns folbnéûks.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦

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󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

@NJSN DG LN@UG G[ @NJSNXF\LGJfindn ngs Dkusks Gxnjî k Gxüssf. [sndn ogs hnobgs pnrn purfcflnéìg pkssgjn, dk njtynrks kfostru`kotgs. On `kdflfon lnskfrn, æ usndn lg`g k`gjfkotk, k`prkinodg-sk k` hglbklbgs kinrinrkags. k` nhslkssgs ons ikoifvns, focjn`néûks dn inrinotn k gpkrnéûks dn hgln.@NOAKXFLÌG XGRGJfindn ngs Dkusks Ghnjunyá, Rnoiô, Tk`pg, Fnosì. Lgjbfdg k pgstg n sklnr, æ irnodk prkvkotfvglgotrn rnfgs, lgrfslgs, k` dfns dk tk`pkstndks, usnodg-sk g dkcu`ndgr. [sn-sk k` dkcu`néèg lg`gpurfcflndgr dg n`hfkotk. Æ fodfspkosèvkj lg`g hnobg dk dkslnrrkig k prgtkéìg. On `kdflfon lnskfrn æusnjg, lg`g gs gutrgs, pnrn `njks dg npnrkjbg dfikstfvg k kjf`fondgr dk insks.@NOI[K SKOOKJBG G[ @NOI[K-\NUNTKFXGJfindn ngs Dkusks Ghnjunyá k G`üju. [sndg on `kdflfon lnskfrn pnrn ndstrfoikotk og trntn`kotg dnsñjlkrns vnrflgsns k ckrfdns rkhkjdks, skodg npjflndg k` lg`prkssns gu hnobgs ons pnrtks jksndn [sndgtn`hæ` pnrn jnvnikos ifoklgjîiflns gu hnobgs dk nsskotg (`géns vfrikos) pnrn trntn`kotg dk jkulgrræfn(cjgrks hrnolns).@N\TXÑÉG G[ @N\TX[QJfindn ngs Dkusks Ghnjunyá k Gxnjî. [sndg on `kdflfon lnskfrn, igzn dk irnodk prkstàifg ogtrntn`kotg dns ncklégks puf`gonrks, prfolfpnj`kotk ons pjkurfsfns sklns gu lg` dkrrn`ks. [sn-sk gsu`g, sf`pjks gu dk `fstu` lg` jkftk qukotk, qunotns vkzks pgssàvkj. Â u` kxlkjkotk notfhàgtflgonturnj.@NJSNXFG\LG G[ LBNUÆ[-DK “ T[XLG[sndn pnrn hnobgs dk dkslnrrkig.@NOI[KFXNJfindn ngs Dkusks Kxu k Giuo. [sndn pò` hnobgs dk dkslnrkig lg` n `fsturn dk nrukfrn, pfobìgrgxg, lnaufkrg k vnssgurfobn dk rkjgifg, dg pkslgég pnrn hnfxn Ns cgjbns skrvk` tn`hæ` pnrn lghrfr glbìg n cf` dk ncnstnr `nus cjufdgs k jnrvns nstrnfs.@KJÌG-DK -\È G-LNKTNOG G[ KXSN\ DN\ JNSNDKFXN\Jfindn ngs Dkusks Rnoiô. G Lbî æ Nocf-rku`îtflg, notfckhrfj, hnobg dk nsskotg (dgkoéns dk skobgrns,lgrrjfokotgs, ktl).OÜ\ DK LGJN ( GHF )Jfindn ngs Dkusks Gxnjî, Ghntnjî, Gdudwî, Gjfssnssn, k dk`nfs dfvfodndks dn lrfnéìg. Gs ncrflnogslg`k` gs crutgs dg Ghf, lg`g ikrndgr dk kokrifns. On `kdflfon lnskfrn æ usndg lg`g tôoflg dglgrnéìg, rkiujnrfznodg ns pujsnéûks k pnrn g sfstk`n okrvgsg, skodg tn`hæ` `uftg kcflnz lgotrn nok`fns.LNONJfindn ng Dkus Kxu . Ns cgjbns k gs hninégs skrvk pnrn ns dkcu`néûks. G néúlnr kxtrnàdg dn lnon æusndg ons dkcu`néûks dkstxufr jnrvns nstrnfs k ncuikotnr Æiuos ( dkskolnrondgs ).UFUKXKI[@ SKXDK G[ DN@NLKONUjnotn grfifoîrfn dn Iufoæ (Îcrfln). Irnodk Nxæ ( cgrén ) dk Gxüssf, g Dkus dn Lnén. [sndn pnrnsnludf`kotgs lgotrn ns kokrifns dk kspàtgs dkskolnrondgs, pkssgns gu dg`flfjfgs. On `kdflfon lnskfrn æ usndn lgotrn rku`ntfs`g, pgr `kfg dk hnobgs k lg`prkssns.UFUKXKI[@ SKXDK K N@NXKJG G[ DN@NLKON XNANDNJfindn ngs Dkusks Jkiuo-Ædk k Gxu`nrá. [sndn dn `ks`n `nokfrn quk g dkslrftg notks, quk æ dkGxüssf.UFTNOI[KFXN[sndn pnrn dkcu`néûks dk n`hfkotk pnrn ntrnfr dfobkfrg. [sn-sk ns cgjbns sklns, `fsturndns lg`lnokjn k` pü, pæ dk lncæ (vfrik`), néñlnr, lrnvgdnàodfn k pnjbn dk njbg k hninég dk lnon-dk-néñlnr. (Ghs.1 Kstn dkcu`néìg æ ckftndn pgrtn dn run pnrn dkotrg dn lnsn, dkfxnodg-sk on îrkn gu qufotnj g rksàdug, pnrn dkpgfs dkspnlbnr-sk og dfn skiufotk, og `ntg, onprnfn gu îiun lgrrkotk. [sndn on `kdflfon `gdkron pnrn dnr cf` ås jg`hrfins dns lrfnoéns, k` lbî).UNOKLÁN G[ NQG[I[K DK UGHXKJfindn ngs Dkusks Ghnjunyá k Rnoiô. On Hnbfn æ lgobklfdn pgr hgjsn dk pnstgr gu hrnég dk prkiufén.

\ghkrnog Lgjæifg dgs @nigs

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󰁌

󰁻󰁸󰁼󰁧 󰁤󰁫 󰁀󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮 󰁓󰁫󰁸󰁠󰁫󰁪󰁢󰁮 󲀜

󰁌

󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁧󰁠󰁨󰁪󰃦



󰁢󰁴󰁴󰁵󰀱󰀧󰀧󰁹󰁹󰁹󰀯󰁠󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁮󰁵󰁸󰁦󰁠󰁦󰁴󰁦󰁳󰁮󰀯󰁬󰁧󰁠󰀯󰁨󰁸

On `kdflfon lnskfrn æ tfdn lg`g pgdkrgsg dfurætflg k kcflnz og lg`hntk n sàcfjfs, usnodg-sk g lbî.Tn`hæ` æ fodflndn pnrn ns dgkoéns dk pkjk, klzk`ns k pnrn dkhkjnr g rku`ntfs`g, k` hnobgs.UNXFKTÎXFN- SFDXGJfindn ngs Dkusks Ghnjunyá k k Gxuo. Npksnr dk cnzkr pnrtk dn cn`àjfn dns urtfins, kstn qunjfdndk æfogckosfvn ng lgotntg dns `ìgs. On `kdflfon lnskfrn æ usndn lg`g dfurætflg, dns vfns urfofoîrfns(urfon sgjtn). Æ k`prkindn, k` lgzf`kotg dns cgjbns, pnrn gs `njks dn pkjk.UN[ - D‖NJBG G[ I[NXNXK@NJfindn ngs Dkusks Ghnjunyá k Kxu. [sndg k` snludf`kotgs pkssgnfs k dg`flfjfnr, lnsns, jgans, godk gbg`k` kxkrlk cuoéûks julrntfvns. Tn`hæ` usndg pnrn hnobgs cgrtks dk dkslnrrkig pnrn rktfrnrfocjuáolfn okintfvn. [sndg lg` nrgkfrn, pfobìg rgxg k hrnolg. On `kdflfon lnskfrn, ns cgjbns, sglndnsk lgjglndns k` lf`n dk curuolujgs k tu`grks, rksgjvk` kcflnz`kotk. Tn`hæ` og lgzf`kotg dnscgjbns, k` hnobgs qukotks k dk`grndgs, æ `uftg ñtfj pnrn rku`ntfs`g k bk`grrüfdns.UFTKFXN F@UKXFNJJfindn ngs Dkusks Gssnfyo, Ghnjunyá k Tk`pg. On `kdflfon lnskfrn, ns cgjbns vkrdks k lgzfdns sìg gusndns pnrn jnvnr ckrfdns k dkr`ntgsks.XNHG DK TNT[ G[ JNOLKTNJfindn ngs Dkusks Ghnjunyá k Gxüssf. On `kdflfon lnskfrn quk æ tfdn lg`g u`n prklfgsfdndk pnrnnhrfr nhslkssgs k tu`grks, pôr cf` ås focjn`néûks, pnonràlfgs, uobkfrns, krfsfpkjns, rkikokrnodg g tklfdglutnoág ntnlndg pgr focjn`néûks dk qunjqukr grfik` k cnzkodg lkssnr ns dgrks.\[@NXÆ G[ HF\T[XF-DG-@NTGJfindn ngs dkusks Ghnjunyá k Gxüssf. On `kdflfon lnskfrn gs skus kckftgs rîpfdgs prg`gvk` nnhkrturn dk tu`grks dk qunjqukr onturkzn, kxpujsnodg g pus k cnzkodg lkssnr dgrks, pnrn njfvfg dgpnlfkotk. Kxtfoiuk gs curñolujgs, pnonràlfgs, krfsfpkjns. Lgotrn n focjn`néûks dk qunjqukr grfik`,nhrk-sk n hnonon (hujhg) dn pjnotn k lg` u`n lgjbkr rnspn-sk n ig`n okjn lgotfdn (`ulfjnik`),lgjglnodg sghrk n pnjk focjn`ndn gu tu`grndn, lghrfodg-sk lg` inzk gu pnog jf`pg.\NH[I[KFXGJfindn ng Ghnjunyá, `uftg usndg on `kdflfon lnskfrn pnrn trntn`kotg dk lntnpgrns, snrn`pg,kslnrjntfon. [sndg pnrn sundgurg, dg lgzf`kotg dns cgjbns æ u` irnodk dfncgrætflg k dkhkjndgrn dgsnrn`pg.\NUÁ G[ \NUÆJfindn ng Dkus Kxu. Ns rnàzks sìg usndns pnrn hnobgs dk dkslnrrkig. npüs g snludf`kotg.Ghs.1 G hnobg æ dg pkslgég pnrn hnfxg.SN\\G[XFOBN DK FIXKANJfindn ng Dkus Kxu. [sndn pnrn snludf`kotgs dk lnsns. Auotn`kotk lg` lfprkstk k pnjbn-dn-lgstn,skrvk pnrn kspnotnr kokrifns dk dkskolnrondgs k tgdgs gs `njks sìg rktfrndgs,[XTFIN - @N@ÌGJfindn ng Dkusk Ghnjunyá. On `kdflfon lnskfrn, `uftg usndn pnrn lurn dk krfsfpkjn. [sn-sk k` lbu`négdk njigdìg k`hkhfdg og jkftk dn pjnotn. K`prkin-sk g lbî dns cgjbns pnrn dkhkjnr `njks dgsrufos ( G hnobg, cgrtk, ncnstn focjuárolfns kokriætflns dk dkskolnrondgs ).

Kolkrrn`gs kstk @üdujg Fotrgdutürfg dg Lursg dk Lnodg`hjæ

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